The United Nations and the League of Nations Essay Example

The United Nations and the League of Nations Essay THE UNITED NATIONS The League of Nations Introduction: The United Nations is a universal association of free states to advance worldwide harmony and security. Its expressed points are facilitating participation in numerous worldwide things utilizing a wide range of offices. Then again the alliance of Nations was an entomb legislative association in 1920. It was a reason from the Treaty of Versailles. Its primary points were the privileges of man, ladies distinctive shaded, warriors and dodging war, all through utilizing tact. In the accompanying paper I will think about these two Global associations. Foundations: ?The United Nation The UN is a global association established in 1945. It was set up after the Second World War to supplant the alliance of countries. Its principle reason for existing was for harmony and security. The term United country was brought from Franklin D. Roosevelt to portray the aliied nations. This term had really occurred on January first 1942 when 26 government marked the Atlantic sanction. At that point on April, 25th 1945 50 nations had submitted together and attempted to grow better methods of iving securely through human rights and by additionally growing neighborly connections all through various countries. Also, through this they had, marked the Charter which is the arrangement that framed the unified countries. It was first marked by 50 nations later on 51 on June 26th, 1945. in San Francisco . What's more, in view of this sanction the UN has numerous rights to take activit ies in various concerns around the world. ?The class of countries: The association of countries was shaped after the finish of World War I. Its primary reason for existing was to just guarantee that there would be no more war. We will compose a custom exposition test on The United Nations and the League of Nations explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The United Nations and the League of Nations explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The United Nations and the League of Nations explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer After the disturbance of the Treaty of Versailles many anticipated for the association of countries to carry dependability to this world. ( Versailles bargain was the harmony settlement marked in 1918 after World War I in the shadow of the Russian insurgency. ) America then again entered the war in 1917, the whole nation (specifically president Woodrow Wilson) were terrified by the butcher that had occurred. What's more, thought of that the main way that this significant issue doesn’t happen again was to extraordinary a universal association that brings harmony among the entirety of the universes countries. Consequently that would be the undertaking of the League of Nations. This extraordinary association had 58 individuals. The class had lack in its own outfitted power. It was extraordinarily rely upon the Great Powers to require its goals, organize a military, keeping of monetary underwriting, this for their utilization. Supports could likewise hurt the League individuals, so they were reluctant to hold fast to them. The League is very well when sparrows yell, however no decent at all when falcons drop out. † Goals: ?The United Nation: ?â€Å"Time is short. We should hold onto this notable second to act mindfully and definitively for the benefit of everyone. The United Nations principle design is to carry all countries of this world to cooperate for harmony and advancement. Also, this design is done trough equity, human nobility and the privileges surprisingly. This association permits open doors for countries to adjust worldwide associations and national intrigue. At present t here are 192 part in the United Nations. This individuals meet in the General Assembly which is essentially the World Parliament. Each nation in this association is dealt with egually it doesn’t matter how large or little, rich or poor. Consequently every nation has one single vote. The UN’s home office is in New York city. In any case, everywere the structure of the United country is a global area. It even has its own banner, post office (postage stamps). There are six authority dialects utilized in this organization(Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish). The European home office in Palais des countries in Geneva, Switzerland. The United Nations additionally has workplaces in Austira, Jordan, Thailand, Chile and Economic Commissions in Addis Ababa In Ethiopia. ?The League of Nation: The League of Nations objective was to keep up harmony and to not do battle. It additionally included demobilization and to forestalls all wars through having aggregate security. Their primary basis of understanding world issues and satisfying their motivation was through tact. Since United States of America would not like to join and Germany was not permitted in light of a discipline (Versailles Treaty) and Russia wasn’t even observed on the grounds that it is a socialist state and the main two nations left were Britain and France as pioneers and they had gone under budgetary issues, subsequently the League of Nations had fizzled. The Impact and influence: ?The United Nations: The United Nations association has indicated extraordinary commitments in harmony keeping and harmony building. Be that as it may, the inquiry is whether the impacts of the UN harmony operations’ would they say they are enduring? As the association itself can’t battle wars. Countires must have strategies that help financial development and furthermore have instistutions. The United Nation needs self-sustaing monetary development that could help in continue a type of harmony. This world can advantage from a change that includes the utilizing of monetary changes to fill in the holes among harmony and compassionate help. ?The League of Nations: As I have referenced before all through this examination the League of Nations aim was to bring harmony among all countries. What's more, to attempt to stop any up and coming of any wars. What's more, because of absence of numerous nations not joining the League of Nations had fizzled. In any case, the best impacts were made to the United Nation. As the United Nation is fundamentally the modernized variant of this old association and it has taken numerous thoughts from the League of Nations. Shortcomings: ?The United Nations: The United Nations is an extraordinary an incredible association. In spite of the fact that it carries all of experts to this world, there are as yet a couple of negative focuses. One of the primary concerns is non-expansion which is essentially that the part states are not fortifying the UN non-professional systems. Another shortcoming would be the battling Terrorism which is their system that they use hush up powerless, Kofi Annan (leader of the United Nation) has begins two or three different ways to help reinforce them. Human rights component have been held firmly by right violators and that could likewise be named an extraordinary issue. The last issue/shortcoming would be advertising. They have to reinforce their relationship with others which is consistently a shaky area for associations. The League of Nations: Alrhough rhe League of Nations was an extraordinary association with numerous incredible goals, it had still flopped because of numerous reasons. A portion of those reasons/shortcoming is that the alliance had Military powers, no military . So if any nation had caused aproblem there was nothing this association could do. One of primary forces for the association was set up by the Treaty of Versailles. Later on numerous individuals scrutinized the bargain and conflicted with it and that cause extraordinary shortcoming. Another majorwas that the vast majority of the incredible nations didn’t’ join, because of numerous reasons. What's more, perhaps the greatest shortcoming was that the association was a confusion as all the various parts never went about as one. So in this way the alliance generally speaking didn’t not work out. By and large these two worldwide associations are incredibly in various as expressed the United Nation was an extraordinary result of the past League of Nations and it was certainly of more noteworthy impacts. Today the United Nations is one of the most satisfactory associations around the world, by the by the League of Nations will never be overlooked as the principal endeavor of such a worldwide ‘assembly’. Book index The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (Oxford Handbooks). New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2009. Print. Macmillan, Margaret. Peacemakers Six Months That Changed the World. New ed. London: John Murray, 2003. Print. Bennett, A. Leroy, and James K. Oliver. Universal Organizations: Principles and Issues (seventh Edition). 7 ed. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. (pg. 46-47) Charter of the United Nations: Introductory Note . Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. http://www. n. organization/en/reports/sanction/introduction. shtml ^ Jahanpour, Farhang. The Elusiveness of Trust: the experience of Security Council and Iran (PDF). Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research. http://www. transnational. organization/Area_MiddleEast/2008/Jahanpour_SC-Iran. pdf. Recovered 2008-06-27. Joined Nations Millennium Development Goals. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. . Prologu e to the United Nations. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. .

Hospitality - History - Politics and Culture

Question: Talk about the Hospitality, History, Politics and Culture. Answer: Presentation Marriott International Inc. headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland in the USA has gained in excess of 5700 properties in 110 nations with comprises of 1.2 million rooms altogether (One Mile at a Time 2015). The organization comprises of the wide arrangement of inns and housing offices (Marriott News Center 2016). Marriott International was established in the year 1993 when Marriott organizations separated its tasks into two: Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation. Marriott was the primary organization which gives its clients an alternative to book the rooms on the web. Marriott was established in the year 1927 by John William (Marriott News Center 2016) Marriott brands Marriott universally works in 30 brands (Marriott News Center 2016). The names of the brands of the Marriott are: Exemplary Luxury-It comprises of lodging named TheRitz-Carlton, St. Regis, JW Marriott Unmistakable Luxury-Consists of lodging named the Luxury Collection, BulgariHotels Resorts, W Hotels, Edition Hotels Great Premium-Consists of lodging named-Marriott, Sheraton (Marriott News Center 2016) Marriott Vacation Club(MVC)- Consists of Delta Hotels Unmistakable Premium-Consists of lodgings named Le Mridien, Westin, Autograph Collection, Design Hotels, Renaissance Hotels, Tribute Portfolio, Gaylord Hotels (Marriott News Center 2016) Great Select-Consists of lodgings named Courtyard by Marriott, Four Points, Springhill Suites by Marriott, Protea Hotels by Marriott, Fairfield Inn by (Marriott News Center 2016). Unmistakable Select-The brand contains the lodging named AC Hotels, Aloft Hotels, Moxy Hotels (Marriott News Center 2016). Great Longer Stays-The brand comprises of lodgings named Marriott Executive Apartments, Residence Inn by Marriott, TownePlace Suites by (Marriott News Center 2016). Unmistakable Longer Stays-The brand comprises of Element by Westin (Marriott News Center 2016) About Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide is situated in Stamford and works in inn and relaxation part (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). It works the world biggest chain of inn organizations which possesses oversees and establishments lodgings, resorts, spas and get-away proprietorship properties under the name of its 11 brands (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). As of late the inn has taken over by Marriott International Inc. on September and go about as the auxiliary of the Hotel. The Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide works in following brands: Westin The Westin Hotels and Resorts is the Starwood most lavish Hotel and resort brand (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). Sheraton Sheraton gives resort rooms and rich rooms to its clients (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). Sheraton comprises of different sub-brands and a portion of the sub-brands are as per the following: W Hotels, St. Regis, Le Mridien, Aloft, a Vision of W Hotels, Element by Westin, Tribute Portfolio, Design Hotels (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). The Starwood Hotel is perceived as the world's biggest chain of lodgings and extravagances brand and it contains nine sumptuous brand Our brands include: St. Regis, The Luxury Collection, W, Westin, Le Mridien, Sheraton, Four Pointsby Sheraton, Aloft, and Element (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide is in misfortune Starwood inns that work brands, for example, St. Regis, Westin, Sheraton and W inns and which converged with Marriott Internal Inc. in the year 2016 are presently confronting tremendous misfortune as far as rooms income (Times 2015). The income per room has been expanded by 07% this development of pay will bring about the decrease expense in the subsequent quarter consequences of the year 2016 (Times 2015). The quarter 2 outcomes were not for the lodgings and the outcome announced lost $263 million (StamfordAdvocate 2016). On per share premise the organization detailed lost $1.56 (StamfordAdvocate 2016). Since the offer cost of the Starwood Hotels Resorts overall were expanding from the earliest starting point of the year 2016 and the experts were of the sentiment that the profit from the offer cost would be expanded to 75% however the income from putting resources into the offer decreased to 71% (StamfordAdvocate 2016). The stocks have diminished by 6% since a year ago (StamfordAdvocate 2016). The subsequent Quarter results indicated misfortunes on resource manners and debilitations which was an aggregate of $114 million in the year 2016 and in 2015 the misfortunes were recorded $118 million (Bloomberg.com 2012). The overal deficit of the inn for the subsequent quarter was $263 million though; the most recent year the Hotels bear the total deficit of $ 136 million (Bloomberg.com 2012). The misfortunes made by the Company in 2016 are nearly the twofold. The companys development has been brought down in the year 2016 (Bloomberg.com 2012). Starwood Hotels have an aggregate of 1300 inns that works around the world (Chaturvedi 2016). The main concern of the financials made sense of lost $228 million from the ceasing tasks this brought about auctioning off of the Vistana excursions one of its business to interim recreation gathering (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). $15 million were identified with the expense of the Marriotts International and its merger this likewise added to the loss of the Company (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). Why Starwood Hotels are failing to meet expectations The motivation behind why Starwood lodgings are failing to meet expectations they have twelve brands working under it yet they linger behind as far as rivalry (StamfordAdvocate 2016). The purpose for their underperformance is on the grounds that they work to a great extent on way of life Brand which implies they have left separated a colossal size of the market isn't there target crowd (StamfordAdvocate 2016). The benefits have demonstrated a downturn for the Starwood Hotels as the interest for the rooms eased back down (Bloomberg.com 2012). The report reveals to us that the Starwood saw a drop in incomes created from per room which indicated a 9.1% drop in income per accessible of room in all over Europe and Starwood Hotels mirrored a drop of 3.3% which was $51.66 in money related terms (Bloomberg.com 2012). The Hotel is failing to meet expectations when contrasted with other huge top inns organizations for example Hilton and Marriott (Bloomberg.com 2012). The Hotel is auctioning off its brands and resources and the value and obligation is pouring in the Company. Starwood Properties are classified as extravagance and where the speculators and bidders are less in number and striking arrangements between the two takes a great deal of time (Bloomberg.com 2012). Premise on positioning the inns At the point when the Hotels are failing to meet expectations the proprietor must search for the open door for development (Mail Online 2015). The forceful limits on the room are impractical since the Hotels have taken the idea of adjusting them on the grounds that the lodgings are evaluated between one to five stars (Mail Online 2015). These rates are given by the visitors of the inns and these rely upon the offices gave by the inns, the area of the inn plays a significant job while getting a decent evaluating from the guest, engineering and plans of the entryway additionally assume a significant job and given most extreme significance by the guests (Mail Online 2015). The idea of homes that is connected in with the lodgings is currently particularly new to UK when contrasted with different nations like Europe, Asia and United States that have just begun with such idea (Mail Online 2015). To the extent the planning undertaking of the inn is concerned the fundamental focal point of the open lies in the structure and engineering of the inn. The inn ought to be completely furnished with winning tastes and inclinations and structures (Mail Online 2015). The inn produces income by keeping up effective plans in the inns and pulling in the clients. The job of the modelers is to fulfill the need of the clients. Initially, the significance is being given to the hall. The anteroom makes the early introduction of the lodging as the guest first visits the hall and gets an impression of the inn (Mail Online 2015). The Starwood Hotels give the guests an alternative to book their rooms on the web and keeping in mind that doing so the guests will be given additional focuses and to remain in the inn the guests as per the focuses will be furnished with the free evenings (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). With the chose inn the guests can benefit a rebate of 10% when utilizing the Starwood Preferred Guest (SPG) on the web (Starwoodhotels.com 2016). Suggestion The Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide are the lodgings that serve just one area of the general public where the other segment of the general public isn't focused by the inns and it incorporates the huge lump of individuals (Marriott News Center 2016). The travelers generally command the inn showcase. The opposition for the inn showcase is rising and getting serious in nature (Costa et al. 2012). The organizations must apply certain systems so as to get the quantity of footfalls and accomplish higher targets. The systems that the movement and housing Companies must follow are expressed as follows: Focusing on key areas: The inns ought to have their quality in the key urban communities and spots where the where the housing organizations are developing and can target both residential and universal explorers (White 2016). Focusing on key guests: As the salary rises guests travel more and might want to remain in lavish lodgings different voyagers would make a trip to the city of their advantage and would likewise get a chance to remain in a rich inn (White 2016). Market Leadership: The lodgings who attempt to obtain properties and keeping up their quality in all around the globe to get hold of the market administration. This methodology is by all accounts complex and requires a gigantic piece of speculation that must be made by the organization (One Mile at a Time 2015). The Lodging Companies ought to have a tie up with the voyaging offices where the voyaging organization will furnish limits to the guests who with the assistance of the offices will book the rooms on the web (Marriott News Cent

Ina Garten Da Vida, Baby

Ina Garten Da Vida, Baby DID YOU KNOW? Amazon.com sold out of their entire stock of the Wii on the morning of November 19, 2006, in less than one minute. So Mitra asked me to blog an entry that she wrote in Zambia last night, and I realized that its kind of bad when Mitra blogs more frequently than I do and shes in a third-world country. So I decided to finish up this entry, which I have been working on for over a month. But this entry is dedicated to Laura and Ben Joness Mom, both of whom are celebrating their birthdays today. I think it was July or something when I found out that Ina Garten, the incomparable host of TVs Barefoot Contessa, was coming to the Crate Barrel on Boylston Street to do a book signing in December. Since finding this out, I had been excited about said book signing basically every moment of every single day of my life, and spent every mile of my marathon training basically just dreaming about what I would say to her in person. Since MIT is actually RIGHT NEXT TO Boston, unlike a lot of other prominent colleges that purport to be near cities, this Crate and Barrel is about a 30-minute walk from my dorm. For those of you who are not aware, Barefoot Contessa is this unbelievably charming cooking show on the Food Network. Basically, the premise is that in very episode, Ina is throwing some kind of a party in her huge house in the Hamptons for her brilliant husband Jeffrey and all of her flamboyant friends. But Ina doesnt want to be cooking while the partys going on, so she gives you helpful time-saving tips on how to prepare everything for the party well in advance and just toss it together when your guests get there. Sometimes she has to go get some flowers or something from her friends, so she hops into her BMW or her Mercedes and rides off to the flower store so she can have an awkward conversation with the Hamptons number one florist, who is also her best friend. Today I feel like the flying doctor of flowers, he once said. And all the while shes describing her cooking techniques and admonishing you for not using the GOOD olive oil or the GOOD vanilla but shes doing so in this deep , hypnotic, tremendously sexy voice, like melted butter on velvet, to the point where you really cant leave the room once youve started watching an episode. All glory to Ina Garten! I found out sometime last year that my friend Dugan 08 was a huge fan of hers. I dont know how thats even possible, because hes a vegan and she uses heavy cream in basically every dish she makes (chocolate sorbet, roasted asparagus, fruit roll-ups everything). Not only that, shes always so coy about adding the heavy cream. And now, she says, were going to add two cups of heavy cream because how bad could that be? I think one time she might have made a vegan-friendly brussels sprouts dish or something. But really, who eats brussels sprouts? I was even more surprised when I saw a Barefoot Contessa promotional bookmark hanging on the wall of Colin 10, since Colin 10 is like Sams Mom in that he eats a total of like five different foods in the world. Usually when Sams Mom is watching the show with me, shell say something like, Well that looked good, but then she had to go and put all that junk on it. And what Ina did was like bake a potato and then put chives on it. So I imagined that would have kind of been Colin 10s experience too. But anyway, when I told Dugan 08 and Colin 10 that Ina Garten was coming to Boston, they both just about exploded. It was just about the perfect scene: the signing was on a Wednesday, so I only had a class from 11:00 to 11:30, and then from 3:30 to 5:30. The latter was with Pulitzer Prize-winning composer John Harbison, but I see him almost every day, so who cares? I think I told him that I had kidney stones or something. No, not really. Anyway, we decided to head over at 1:00 PM for the 4:00 PM signing, because Colin 10 had an 18.02: Multivariable Calculus recitation from 12:00 to 1:00 that he couldnt miss. Dizzle 09 made fun of us for leaving so early, telling us that she went to a Harry Potter book premiere 2 hours early and was the second person in line. Clearly, she didnt know exactly what level of celebrity we were dealing with here. At 1:10 I called Colin 10 and woke him up, then abruptly informed him that Dugan 08 and I could not wait any longer and that wed try to save him a place in line. Gloves on hands, Dugan 08 and I ran over to Crate and Barrel as fast as we possibly could. When we got there, we were greeted by a 54 armed sentry dressed in a Crate and Barrel apron. Are you here for Ina Garten? Of course. Okay, well you have to buy one of these books. (Ill just stand here silently and make sure you do that.) Snap. The cookbooks cost $35 each, because theyre about full-color pictures of Ina Gartens fabulous lifestyle as much as they are about her recipes. Dugan and I had discussed on the way over the prospect of just splitting one cookbook, just for the opportunity to meet Ina. However, standing there in front of the creepy Crate and Barrel woman and the stacks and stacks of cookbooks, we shot each other a few glances that basically said, $35 is totally worth it for the two seconds Ina is going to spend thinking about my name. I even purchased an additional cookbook for my across-the-street neighbors Dot and Herk, who had once proudly showed me a copy of her earlier Barefoot Contessa: Family Style cookbook. So, with three cookbooks in hands, we made our way upstairs, where we were directed into the rapidly-growing Ina Garten line. Contrary to Dizzle 09s assertion, Dugan 08 and I only secured ourselves spots number 17 and 18 in line. Since 17 is my lucky number, I was pretty darn excitedI knew that something good was about to happen. So we settled into line, Dugan with his detective novel about a chemistry professor and I with my digital camera and notepad, prepared to blog every aspect of this occasion, right down to the lady distributing complimentary Crate and Barrel water. Ha, are you just testing to make sure that your camera still works? Oh, I just want to remember everything about this occasion (and I secretly love you, water lady.) But Dugan sure did like the water. While waiting in line, Dugan and I got to sign up for a new Barefoot Contessa mailing list, from which I still have yet to receive an e-mail. But the lady setting it up sure seemed excited! Maybe we can invite her over to MIT and let her make roasted loin of pork with fennel in one of Burton-Conners spacious kitchens. We also had several members of the Crate and Barrel gestapo go by to describe the signing procedure: Ina will only sign books for the first 200 customers in line. She will only sign books that you bought at Crate and Barrel, not ones that you brought from home. She will only sign books that have a sticky note in them. She will only sign on this page. She will not sign any special greetings. Ina will not pose for pictures, but you can take a picture of her while shes signing your book. I thought it was funny that everything was phrased as if it were Ina Gartens decision and not just the set of rules Crate and Barrel established to sell the most cookbooks. Like you would get there with a copy of Barefoot Contessa Parties from home and Ina would say, What the hell is this? Wheres your Crate and Barrel receipt? Ina dont play that way. No more signings. And then she flips the signing table over and gives you the finger as she disappears back to her waiting BMW. The line grew quickly, and by the time Colin 10 arrived, it was already 90 people long. Luckily, I was able to sneak downstairs with him just in time to try a sample from one of Inas delicious baking mixes. Yes, for only $9.00, plus eggs, GOOD butter, and heavy cream, you can make your own 88 sheet pan of Inas Outrageous Brownies. At around 3:55, we knew that Inageddon was approaching, so I started testing my camera. I was THIS excited. I tried to explain to Colin that I wasnt really taking his picture; I was just using his form to get an idea of the lighting conditions in Crate and Barrel, kind of like how Whistlers Mother is just an arrangement of rectangles and circles according to Whistler. But Colin ducked out of the shot anyway, and on the basis of the above picture I decided not to use flash to get a picture of Ina as she walked by. THANKS, COLIN. No, seriously, my camera takes a while for the flash to go off, so I probably would have timed it wrong and gotten a perfectly-lit picture of Inas posterior otherwise, so this is just as good. Anyway, Ina moves much, much, MUCH faster than you would expect watching her television show, when she always seems about one outrageous brownie away from passing out in her bÅ"uf bourguignon, if you know what I mean. Luckily, we had many more opportunities to take pictures of Ina, even if many of them were purposefully blocked by Crate and Barrel staff and her friend Barbara. Even today, over a month later, Im still a little shell-shocked by my twenty-second conversation with Ina. I must have blacked out, because there are definitely pieces of the conversation that I dont remember, despite people telling me specific things that I said to her. But piecing together my own recollection with that of Colin and Dugan, I think it went something like this: OH INA, your butternut squash and apple soup recipe is the best recipe EVER. The best recipe ever? In the world? (Oh Barbara, look at this silly little man.) I MEAN, everyone I I made it they tell me that, and I won fifty dollars! Well, its one of my favorites too. Oh, do you have another book to sign? YES! OH YES! Its for my neighbors. My across-the-street neighbors. I DONT KNOW if they have it already, but Im sure that theyll like this one better, you know, because you signed it. Well, that sounds to me like its a (let me raise my eyebrows suggestively) good neighbor policy. Bye, now. Thanks for coming. Okay, bye! (thank you so much, I will treasure this for the rest of my life). I think that INA GARTEN FLIRTED WITH ME! Unfortunately, that was probably the closest I will ever get to greatness. But fortunately, the story of Ina Garten flirting with me is not even the best story of this fine evening. Now, the way that the signing works is that a helpful Crate and Barrel employee comes by and gives you a sticky note. You write your name on it, and then you put it on the title page of the work, because Ina Garten doesnt really care what your name is. Now, it just so happens that Dugan 08 has a friend who is nicknamed Bucket, but she was too busy in class to come get her book signed. So Dugan got the book signed to himself and Bucket 08 and gave it to her as a present. The best part is when Ina signed it, she just asked, So thats DOUG-an? D-U-G-A-N? And even though his name is pronounced DOOG-an, Dugan just said, Yes, maam! Now, youd think that Ina Garten would be fazed by being asked to sign a book to Bucket, but it almost made me feel bad for getting one of my books signed to just me. I should have gotten it signed to Sam and Quasar. Then I would just need to find someone else who liked Ina Garten. And I would be like, Here you go. Happy Birthday. Your new nickname is Quasar. I think thats everything. WOW MY LIFE ROCKS.

Which Paths Produce the Most ATP per Glucose Molecule

Its important to know how many ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, are produced per glucose molecule by various metabolic pathways, such as the Krebs cycle, fermentation, glycolysis, electron transport, and chemiosmosis. Take a look at how many net ATP are produced per pathway  and which yields the most ATP per glucose. Here is the breakdown of net ATP production: Glycolysis: 2 ATPKrebs Cycle: 2 ATPOxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain/Chemiosmosis): 28 ATPFermentation: 2 ATP So, oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic cycle that produces the most net ATP per glucose molecule.

Essay on “The Roles of a Single Mother”

Essay on â€Å"The Roles of a Single Mother† Mothers are arguably some of the best multi-taskers in the world today. The sheer amount of responsibilities they need to juggle makes them a combination of nurturer, caregiver, teacher, nurse, cheerleader, disciplinarian and more. I would know—Im a mother, myself. If there is something even more challenging than being a mother, though, it is being a single mother with no parents to help you out. My situation is a little different from other single mothers, however. Aside from the aforementioned roles, I also took on the additional roles of full-time student and part-time worker. Thankfully, Ive learned enough from the University of Hard Knocks with respect to balancing school and family life. Most of my time is devoted to caring for my children. My studies take second place, with work coming in third and the remaining fraction of my time left for the rest. Unfortunately, juggling all of the things Ive mentioned above does not necessarily translate into calmness and ease all the time. In fact, it often leads to role strain. There are times when I actually wish I had help in the form of a helpmate—someone who could look after the kids while I sought that much-needed break. My children are precious to me, yet there are admittedly days when they seem semi-precious. This most often happens when their needs prevent me from keeping up with my homework. Sometimes, my assignments have to take a backseat to more pressing needs like feeding them, cleaning them or helping them with their own assignments. My social life is almost non-existent as a result of this (Szakaly, Role Strain in Caregiving). The good news is that my part-time job doesnt really feel like work. In fact, it feels more like an interesting diversion—a chance to go out and meet new people and help someone out. The benefits work both ways: the people I reach out get their needs met and I get the chance to forget my own problems for a while (Howe, Meeting the Challenge of Being a Single Mom). It is also a great opportunity for me to connect with someone other than my kids and it helps me grow in a fun way. Then there are the rough days when the frustration sets in. During these dark times, I continuously remind myself of my reason for doing this precarious balancing act: to provide a better life for my kids. When they are sleeping, I take the time to ground myself, to pray and to ask God for the strength to do what is right (Szakaly, Role Strain in Caregiving). At first glance, it would seem as if I am the sum of these statuses and nothing more. Most people look at me and see a struggling mother, a part-time worker and a student, and rightly so, for these things are part of my current life. However, I am working hard to be more than just them. I know that God put me on Earth for a reason. Part of my lifes meaning comes from discovering that reason and living it out to the best of my ability. One day, I will not only live out my potential—I will transcend it as well. In closing, I see my status as a single mother as a supreme challenge. It tests my conviction and my courage on a daily basis to the point where I question and doubt myself. Nevertheless, all it takes is a prayer and one look at my sleeping children to get me back on track. As God has showed me time and time again, it is in dying to myself daily and in trusting Him completely that I discover the person that I really am and the life that I am truly meant to live. Works Cited Howe, Michele. Meeting the Challenge of Being a Single Mom. Powertochange.com. Power to Change Ministries, n.d. Web. 26 April 2012. Szakaly, Jennifer. Role Strain in Caregiving. Jenniferszakaly.hubpages.com. Hubpages, n.d. Web. 26 April 2012.

Is Time Travel Possible - 2057 Words

Is Time Travel Possible? Introduction Time Travel is a concept that has fascinated me and many others throughout time, using the question of ‘Is Time Travel Possible?’ also asked by many others in the world today. I will research what time travel is, how it can be done, and if and when it could be possible to develop my understanding of the concept then state my views and opinions on time travel. What is Time travel? Time travel is a concept of movement between different points in time usually with a time machine. Time travel is recognised in fiction and philosophy but has limited support by theoretical physics. The concept of time travel is popular in many science fiction novels but one in particular brought time travel to the peak of public imagination, written in 1895 by H.G Wells, this novel is called The Time Machine. More recently, with advancing technology and understanding of the universe, time travel has been explored further by writers, philosophers and physicists. Einstein s Theory Of General Relativity and its suggested ways of time travel The strongest Theory of time travel is Einstein’s theory of General Relativity. In 1905 Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non accelerating observers, and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all the observers. This was the theory of special relativity. Einstein then spent ten years trying to include acceleration in the theory and that became theShow MoreRelatedWhat If Time Travel Is Possible?959 Words   |  4 PagesWhat if Time Travel was Possible? The theories behind time travel vary greatly, but most agree that time travel can have very serious consequences.. Of course, time travel is just theoretical but there are a lot of papers done that study and report on what may happen to the people of the universe and to the universe itself if something as crazy as time travel were possible. Time travel has become a very well known concept because of popular culture. Movies like Looper, Back to the future seriesRead MoreIs Time Travel Logically Possible? Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesIs time travel logically possible? A logical possibility is something that doesn’t contradict itself, and likewise a logical impossibility is something that does contradict itself. So saying that someone has two hands, a left hand, a right hand, and two left hands, simply doesn’t make sense, because that would mean the person has two hands and four hands, this is a logical impossibility. Time is the continuation of events, whether this be in the past, present or future. Time has been found to haveRead MoreTime Travel Is Not Only Possible? Essay2401 Words   |  10 PagesTime travel has long been a fascination of the science fiction genre, with many of the great stories concerning time travel being centred around the philosophical issues of the paradoxes seemingly caused by just the possibility of time travel, namely that of bootstrap and grandfather paradoxes. A question that is often bandied about is whether or not time travel is possible, now unless those questioning are physicists attempting to warp space-time back upon its self-using long equations and ‘TardisRead MoreIs Time Travel Possible? Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesWho, Star Gate, Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure, Terminator, The Time Machine, and so on so forth. These movies and TV shows have one thing and common witch as your can guess is time travel. But if you look at each single one separate not one time travel is the same from the other. Before we begin we shall learn what time travel is. Time travel is when one person, matter, or object moves in a three dimensional direction in time. The three dimensions are length, width and height but for this explanationRead MoreIs Time Travel Possible? Albert Einstein975 Words   |  4 PagesIs the time travel possible? If we want to find an answer to this question, we should firstly understand the nature of time. We all understand that past is different from the future. The future seems to have a wide range of possibilities, while the past is always related to the one thing that already happened. Studying the time revealed two things about it. First, time is often considered as a river that flows forward and slows for no one. We can also formulate this idea as the river of time thatRead MoreHumans and the Ability to Dream?1002 Words   |  4 PagesSince the dawn of time, humans were blessed with the ability to dream. 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This means that an observer’s experienceRead MoreExamples Of The Grandfather Paradox1168 Words   |  5 Pagesessay will argue that the Grandfather Paradox makes it unlikely that time travel will ever be attainable. The premises of this argument are: If time travel to the past was possible you could kill your grandfather (before he conceived children) It is impossible for you to kill your grandfather before he conceived children (Because you wouldn’t exist to try and do so) Therefore time travel to the past is unlikely to ever be possible. 1 This argument refers to the contradictions that arise from theRead MoreTime Travel Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Future, Edge of Tomorrow, and 12 Monkeys, I realized that time travel is a very interesting and thought-provoking topic. Some people would say they think time travel should be used if it is found to be possible. I disagree, I don’t think that it should be used. There are lots of ways time travel could be good and benefit humankind. But, there are also bad ways it can be used, which strongly outweigh the benefits. Time travel could be used as a very useful tool in helping prevent disastersRead MoreThe Value of Time Travel Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesPeople have often thought of going back in time because of regrets or mistakes they want to fix in the past. The only way to go to the past is time travel there. Time travel has been know as science fiction but now scientist have been believing time travel is possible based on the physics laws. If time travel is possible, then will it be helpful for human begins to go back to the past. Time travel can’t be worth it because if you change something in the past, it will affect a lot in your future

The Holy Trinity by Masaccio Essay Example For Students

The Holy Trinity by Masaccio Essay The Holy Trinity by Masaccio was done approximately 1428. It is a superb example of Masaccios use of space and perspective. It consists of two levels of unequal height. Christ is represented on the top half, in a coffered, barrel-vaulted chapel. On one side of him is the Virgin Mary, and on the other, St. John. Christ himself is supported by God the Father, and the Dove of the Holy Spirit rests on Christs halo. In front of the pilasters that enframe the chapel kneel the donors husband and wife. Underneath the altar a masonry insert in the painted composition is a tomb. Inside the tomb is a skeleton, which may represent Adam. The vanishing point is at the center of the masonry altar, because this is the eye level of the spectator, who looks up at the Trinity and down at the tomb. The vanishing point, five feet above the floor level, pulls both views together. By doing this, an illusion of an actual structure is created. The interior volume of this structure is an tension of the space that the person looking at the work is standing in. The adjustment of the spectator to the pictured space is one of the first steps in the development of illusionistic painting. Illusionistic painting fascinated many artists of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The proportions in this painting are so numerically exact that one can actually calculate the numerical dimensions of the chapel in the background. The span of the painted vault is seven feet, and the depth is nine feet. Thus, he achieves not only successful illusion, but a rational, metrical coherence that, by maintaining the mathematical proportions of the surface design, is responsible for the unity and harmony of this monumental composition. Two principal interests are summed up by The Holy Trinity: Realism based on observation, and the application of mathematics to pictorial organization. All of the figures are fully clothed, except for that of Christ himself. He is, however, wearing a robe around his waist. The figure is real; it is a good example of a human body. The rest of the figures, who are clothed, are wearing robes. The drapery contains heavy folds and creases, which increases the effect of shadows. The human form in its entirety is not seen under the drapery; only a vague representation of it is seen. It is not at all like the wet-drapery of Classical antiquity. Massacio places the forms symmetrically in the composition. Each has its own weight and mass, unlike earlier Renaissance works. The fresco is calm, and creates a sad mood. The mood is furthered by the darkness of the work, and the heavy shadows cast. Grunewalds The Isenheim Altarpiece is an oil painting on wood, completed in 1515. The altar is composed of a carved wooden shrine with two pairs of movable panels, one directly in back of the other. The outermost scene is the Crucifixion; on the inside there are two others. On the two sides, two saints are represented St. Sebastian on the left, and St. Anthony on the right. Together, these saints established the theme of disease and healing that is reinforced by the inner paintings. On the bottom of the panel, when opened, it appears that Christs legs were amputated; possibly an allusion to ergotism, a disease treated in the hospital where the altarpiece was kept. An image of the terrible suffering of Christ is in the middle. The suffering body hangs against the dark background, which falls all the way to the earth. The flesh is discolored by decomposition and is studded with the thorns of the lash. His blackening feet twist in agony, as do his arms. His head is to one side, and his fingers appear as crooked spikes. .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .postImageUrl , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:hover , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:visited , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:active { border:0!important; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:active , .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4 .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua62301a507b2e36a2f269de552cfb8f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Landscape painting with Thomas Cole EssayThe shuddering tautness of Christs nerves is expressed through the positions of his fingers. Up to this point, no other artist has ever produced such an image of pain. The sharp, angular shapes of anguish appear in the figures of the swooning Virgin and St. John, and in the shrill delirium of the Magdalene. On the other side, John the Baptist, a gaunt form, points a finger at the body of the dead Christ. Even though death and suffering are dominant in the altarpiece, there are symbols of hope: The river behind St. John, which represents baptism, and the wine-red sky which symbolizes the blood of Christ. Through these bols, a hope of salvation is offered to the viewer. The use of space is ambiguous in some places: All of the forms are at the same general depth in the painting. However, none of the forms are tangled, or intertwining. Therefore, the space is not badly used. Once again, all of the forms except for that of Christ are fully clothed. Christ is again wearing a small robe around his waist. The other forms are depicted superbly. Their bodies are not lost behind the drapery which they wear, yet they are not seen exactly either. The folds are more delicate, which create a calmer mood. Christs description was already given. The forms are three dimensional, and also have weight. They clearly take up space, and where they are is clearly defined. As in The Holy Trinity, the composition is generally symmetrical, centered around the body of Christ. It is a frightful composition, because of the events taking place. Expression is shown on all of the figures, who grieve Christs death. Overall, the two works are very similar. Masaccio, however, was more interested in the mathematical aspects of painting than Grunewald. Both works are superb, and have their own distinct qualities.

Overpopulation Essays (700 words) - Demography, Population

Overpopulation Refinance now homeowner even if you have bad credit. 185 loc Overpopulation During the first 2 million or so years of its history the human population was a minor element in the world ecosystem, with at most 10 million members. In the New Stone Age, less than 10,000 years ago, the number of humans began to increase more rapidly. The rough equilibrium maintained before Neolithic times gave way when the human population developed agriculture and animal husbandry and no longer had to spread out in search of game. With the abandonment of a hunting-gathering way of life and the rise of permanent settlements and eventually cities, the human population underwent dramatic growth. By the beginning of the Christian era it had reached 250 million, and by 1650, half a billion. Growth of population during 20th century was very rapid. In 1994 the total world population was estimated at about 5.6 billion people. It increased nearly by 4 billions of people during past 100 years. The most significant world trend is that death rates are currently falling in poor and rich countries alike, while birthrates remain high in most poor countries and low in most rich ones. Exceptions are the generally higher death rates of Africa and the high birthrates of the rich oil-producing countries. The most populous countries, in descending order, are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, and Russia. The U.S. population totaled about 260.8 million in 1994. In the 1990s about 4.1 million children were born annually in the United States, and more than 2.1 million persons died yearly. The greater number of births is due in part to a fertility rate that has increased by nearly 20 percent since the mid-1980s. International immigration, both legal and illegal, is another major element in U.S. population growth. Legal immigration has recently amounted to about 1 million per year; illegal immigration is thought to be several hundred thousand. In China, the world's most populous country, the 1994 population was estimated at nearly 1.2 billion, more than double the 1953 census population of 584 million in mainland China. China's annual increase has been estimated at 1.1 percent annually. India's population of more than 911.6 million people (1994 est.) is increasing faster than that of China, and if present trends continue, it will soon catch up with or surpass China. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Indonesia and Brazil are now the fourth and fifth most populous countries, with 1994 estimated populations of 199.7 million and 155.3 million, respectively. Sixth-ranked Russia has about 147.8 million people (1994 est.). It has a negative natural increase rate of - 0.2 percent, comparable to the low or negative rates found throughout Europe. The arithmetic is simple. Our oceans can supply a limited amount of fish. Farm production is limited by the amount of available land. Once human demand for food, energy, and other materials exceeds sustainable levels, further increase in our population will mean that we each will get less and less and less. Today I will tell you about the most populated country in the world, China. Chinese population exceeds 1.1 billion people. 13% of people in China live in 52 major cities. City streets are often overcrowded with people, bicycles, cars, buses and other types of transportation. Most Chinese people live in the countryside. They plant rice and other crops, catch fish, and do many other jobs. Although there many people who live in the countryside, but work in cities. Chinese are very hard and good working people. Like you can see from the last paragraph, China is off to a good start, but its fast-growing population can stop China from achieving a high standard of living. China remains one of the worlds poorest nations despite its enormous gains in industry and agriculture since 1950. To control rapid population growth, the government launched a massive campaign the mid-seventies to encourage young people to marry late and to have few children. In 1980's, the government called for a target family size of three, and introduced many laws to limit number of children to one, in special circumstances, two. These measures helped to slow population growth dramatically. Nonetheless, China continues to have about 18 millions more new mouths to feed each year - a heave drain to its resources. Bibliography: 1996 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia Lands and People 2 China Psychology today Jan/Feb 95 volume 28 issue 1 1996 World Book 1995 Americana Encyclopedia

A Closer Look into Healthcare Spending Essay Example

A Closer Look into Healthcare Spending Essay Example A Closer Look into Healthcare Spending Paper A Closer Look into Healthcare Spending Paper More and more, the rising expenditure in healthcare is getting a closer long-overdue attention from both the American public and the policymakers in Washington. The glaring disparity between US spending on healthcare which stands at sixteen percent (16%) of the GDP as against other industrialized nations which only average between eight to ten percent (8 10%) of their GDP says a lot about the need for an overhaul of the existing policies and systems at work. Moreover, According to a recent report released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services or CMS, the healthcare expenditure in 2006 was estimated at $2.16 Trillion and is projected to reach over $4 Trillion per annum by 2016 [1]. If this is computed at individual spending, it would cost an average of $7,110 for the year 2006. The projected aggregated increase in spending would mean that about $12,320 per person per annum will be spent by 2016 [1]. These issues on the unabated rise of health care expenditure warrants a closer look not only into the spending itself but more on how it is being spent and the efficiency and quality by which healthcare is being delivered. Clearly, in comparison with other developed countries, the US healthcare system spends more but not necessarily delivers it more efficiently nor is the quality of care above and over what the other developed nations have as iterated in the position paper published by the Commonwealth Fund (Davis, K., et. al. Jan. 2007) . In fact, if we look closely into the CMS reports on how these monies were being spent, hospital care comprise of thirty percent of the total expenditure, twenty percent went into Physician and other clinical services, Nursing homecare at six percent, Prescription drugs at ten percent, Program administration and Net Cost at seven percent and twenty five percent went to other cost like dental services, home health, durable medical products, sundries, other personal health care, research, structures and equipment [CMS, 2005 Report]. Closely related to the topic of spending is where the monies to pay for these expenditures came from.   According to the same report from CMS, National Health Statistics Group, the biggest portion came from the Private Insurance group at 35%, Medicare came next with 17%, Medicaid and SCHIP at 16%, Out of Pocket expenses (or from individuals at 13%, Other public funds at 13% (Public meaning Worker’s Compensation program. Public Health Activity, Department of Defense, Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Indian Health Services, State and local health subsidies and school health subsidies), Other Private funds at 7% (Other private funds include industrial in-plant, privately funded construction and non-patient revenues including philanthropy from private parties. Given the above most recent data, several studies both government and private sector initiatives have submitted and made public their position on the issue.   One such position was from the Commonwealth Fund Group, whose authors include Karen Davis, Ph.D., Cathy Schoen, M.S., Stuart Guterman et. al.   In their position paper, the group also sourced their references from the CMS [5] and zeroed in on two possible areas where cost cutting measures can be made. These two areas focused on one time savings and the other on a more long term and recurring basis.   The one time savings can apparently be derived from â€Å"high levels of U.S. expenditures, inefficiency and waste†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ [K. Davis, Jan. 2007]. Among these â€Å"inefficiencies† were the apparent â€Å"overuse, inappropriate, or ineffective uses of care;   payment incentives that reward the delivery of more services, without consideration to clinical value or cost-effectiveness; market power of insurers, providers, and the health industry, including pharmaceutical companies, device manufacturers, and other suppliers to set prices above competitive market levels; a low ratio of primary to specialty care physicians and services; access barriers to preventive and primary care that contribute to avoidable hospital admissions, emergency department use, and complications of chronic and acute disease; a lack of well-coordinated care that leads to unsafe. D uplicative, or conflicting care; inadequate information systems and information exchange; and High administrative costs, including the high proportion of insurance premiums used to cover overhead costs, the complexity of insurance benefit design and duplicative and uncoordinated requirements, and administrative costs for providers† (K. Davis, et. al.   Jan. 2007). The group further stated strategies could be geared towards making substantial savings that could accumulate to $1.39 Trillion (over an eight year period from 2007 to 2015) if a one-time reduction of 5% in health care expenditures can be effected.   Specific areas were recommended that could well provide the strategies that everyone from the public to the private sector is looking for. These areas are concentrated on the following: first is the provision of more access to information about health providers and cost to give more options to the paying public and promote greater competition among providers, thus increasing quality of care provision over a period of time. Second is an across the board reduction of administrative cost for insurers for them to extend the savings to their clients. Third is the re-focusing of resources into primary and preventive care instead of palliative health care. Fourth is the re-allocation of resources into information technology infrastructures and exchange of information for the greater benefit of the public. Lastly, and fifth, to put investments into strategic areas to ensure access, affordability and equity for all Americans. I tend to agree to the recommendations of the group over the other studies and recommendations that I went through.   Although for sure, these recommendations need further detailed planning and further studies to substantiate the claims and conclusions. Overall, the same sources of funds as cited by the CMS would have to shell out the same level of resources for a period of time until the recommendations outline for cost cutting and more effective means of healthcare delivery system will have been in place.   A projection or timetable of five to seven years may be more feasible for both further study and a detailed manual of operationalization can be in effect. For the meantime, however, both the government at all levels – federal, state and local should be responsive to the calls for changes and heed the transformation doctrine once it is passed by legislation and put into place.   Furthermore, a call for uniformity of enforcement at the local levels should be ensured to avoid the pitfalls of having a huge disparity of healthcare cross in different parts of the country.. References: [1] Centers for Medicare and Medical Healthcare Benefits. Various reports including   Ã‚  Ã‚   Projections for Health expenditure Projections from 2005 to 2016. From: cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/ [2] Snapshots: Health Care Growth (Kaiser Permanente). Retrieved on Feb. 23, 2007, From:kff.org/insurance/snapshot/chcm050206oth2.cfm [3] Medical Expenditure†¦ Retrieved on Feb. 23, 2007, From: ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr06/methods/meps.htm [4] SAMSHA reports. Retrieved on Feb. 23, 2007. From: samhsa.gov/spendingestimates/chapter1.aspx [5] The Commonwealth Fund website: Retrieved on Feb. 23, 2007, From: cmwf.org/publications/publications_show.htm?doc_id=449510

Product design overview Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product design overview - Coursework Example The design places open drawers underneath the table with elevated sides and fluid mechanical structure for easy and minimal effort in sliding the drawers and for tagging along of the product. With no doubts, this concept of a product is actually possible to render. The product is viable and can be made by the Just Add Glue workers who have certain limitations because there are already existing counter tables with drawers that are industry made by workers with basic molding tools. Although existing, these counters are made of driftwood and tiles which make these existing counter drawers hard to maneuver, not made for mobility, and are not geared for the elderly people. These existing counters are hard and heavy to open the drawers, and impossible to tag along because of the material. On the contrary, the Tag-along product is actually a portable counterpart of these kitchen counters that already exist. This can be produced by the JAG workforce since simple molding tools can produce the Tag-along table. The feasibility of this project is unquestionable as it can be easily moved along in the kitchen while storing all the kitchen necessities. It is lightweight which makes the target consumers, which are old people, taken into consideration. The target market is real because there is a need for elderly people to be effort efficient when they move about the kitchen. As seen in the Survey Results Analysis, there were actually real people who were willing to pay the average of 60$ from 67% of the senior respondents for the Tag-along Table product. These consisted of 47% who thought 60$-80$, 20% of the respondents who were willing to pay 40$-60$, These target market range from the 50-80 year old elderly people in the suburbs of Eastern and Western Sydney. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics In June 2010, there has actually

Networks and System Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Networks and System Administration - Essay Example Company networks serve to facilitate communication processes in the company and facilitate management processes through the use frameworks such as the company intranet. In addition, connectivity to the internet comes with added advantages through which the company can communicate with the outside world. This implies that the implementation and the configuration of a computer network depend on the needs of that particular organization (Bagad 2009). For example, desktop layout is primarily determined by the office arrangement and the need to host a web site warrants the use of a web server in the overall network infrastructure of the company. This paper provided a description of the computer network implemented and management for Target Company (will call it X Company). 2. Part 1 – Network Evaluation of the business needs is the initial step of the design methodology; focusing on business needs, goals and objectives provides an avenue for the designing of a network that will mak e the business meet its requirements. The steps of the design methodology are outlined below. 2.1 Business requirements For a network design methodology to be effective, it must put into consideration the business needs. Business needs are the key drivers towards the implementation of any project. Understanding the organizational and corporate culture and the business processes of the X Company will play a significant role in determining the effectiveness of the design methodology. The design should be tailored so as to facilitate the realization of the business needs of the company (Barnick 2006). Some of the business needs of the X Company are outlined below. Enhancing employee productivity; the present IT infrastructure at the X Company does maximize on the potential of its employees. Reduction in overhead costs; currently, the company incurs a lot of expenses due to lack of proper communication and network infrastructure. To establish effective management strategies. To enhance customer satisfaction through increased employee productivity and increased efficiency in the execution of business processes. To enhance profitability through increased market share. 2.2 Design requirements The network design requirements are based on the business needs. The network design should facilitate the realization of the business requirements. Specific design standards are implemented basing on the design in accordance with the network and information needs of the X Company. The business needs and technical needs of the network play a significant role in determining the network infrastructure to be implemented (McCabe 2007). The X network rational is designed to achieve the following design requirements: management & security, scalability, performance and availability. 2.3 Analysis of network design The network design of any company cannot be effectively accomplished without proper security design if it is public as well as Intranet. Certifications on audit and certificati ons were written by the company and they are reviewed on regular basis to make sure that at all times only genuine employees with authority are the only ones being allowed to have access to their respective applications at any particular time (Caslow 1998). The first element of the network at X is a

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay The purpose of the research was to identify the obstacle and barriers which discourage milk and dairy sector in Georgia. Through interviews with experienced people in this field and deep research, the main problems will be ascertained. First I define the current situation in Georgia including Georgian breeds of cows, organizations and projects involved in this sector and the opinion of experienced people about current situation. I gathered information from Danish, Swiss, Indian and American dairy sector reports, which gave the helped me to identify what necessary factors of successful milk sector lacks Georgia. At the end of the research implementation and best possible recommendations and will be offered. INTRODUCTION It has been a long time since milk became an everyday product for humans. Today milk is consumed by many people in their everyday lives and milk production is high in order to satisfy demand. Milk is high in nutritional value; it is a great source of essential Vitamins that are vital to the human organism. Many dairy products are made from milk such as butter, ice-cream, cheese, cottage cheese, flavored milk drinks, yogurt, and cream and so on. Georgia faces some problems with milk production. The local fresh milk is available only seasonally (from April till October), in Winter only imported powdered milk from Ukraine or Belarus is accessible. Another problem is degeneration of thoroughbred cows; they are mixed with local mongrel cows, which results in fewer productivity. Cows in Georgia usually produce two to three tones of milk in a year, comparison to European cows it is twice smaller number. Georgia has a great potential to flourish this sector, but it is not used properly. Some investment, regulatory rules and support from foreign organizations and Ministry of Agriculture is necessary to solve the obstacles and develop milk production sector in Georgia. Many organization are involved in expand the dairy sector and also couple of projects take place, in order give support to local milk producers. FROM FARM TO TABLE 1.1 Cows and lactation process Cows, our main source of milk, produce about four to seven tons of milk each year. The quantity of milk produced by a cow depends on its weight and its diet. Usually a cow weights from 380 to 720 kilograms and produces 12 times its weight of milk each year. A standard cow eats about 770 kilograms of grain, 1 200 kilograms of grass and hay, 2 800 kilograms of silage and drinks about eight gallons of water every day. Everyday a cow needs to eat more than 2 kilograms of hay and grain which contain essential minerals, vitamins and corn. In order to produce a high quantity of milk, a cow must drink water. Farmers use special milking machines twice in a day. It is necessary for every cow to get milked because once their udders are full they start to feel uncomfortable. Milk must be refrigerated after in order to keep it fresh. Milk producers keep milk refrigerated approximately one to two days after which it is loaded on trucks. Special trucks take it to the factory where it is processed. This is where milk is divided into cream and skim milk and is standardized by the fat content. Milk is delivered to the factory from different farms and thus levels of fat vary. The process of differentiating the milk by the amount of fat is called standardization. The level of fat determines the value of the milk and hence the salary of the farmer. In order to enhance the nutritional value of milk, factories add Vi tamin D and Vitamin A (good for strong teeth and bones). This process is called fortification. The next step is packaging and delivering the milk to stores, where it is also kept in the refrigerators to keep it fresh and cool. Then milk has to be pasteurized to kill and remove the harmful bacteria. This is done by heating it to more than 70 (Celsius) degrees and after 15 seconds suddenly cooling it to 2-3 Celsius, which is its normal storing temperature. After pasteurization and cooling, milk undergoes a process called homogenization, where milk is forced through tiny openings under high pressure. The homogenization process is necessary for breaking down the fatty drops of cream, so every globule of milk will have the same level of cream and the cream will not float on the top of the milk. This whole action from standardization to pasteurization is called processing. Milk producers usually test milk for its water level, fat content and the percentage of bacteria. Water usually is not added to milk. However, sometimes it happens that water from machinery is mixed in with milk by chance. The quality of milk is determined by processing and also on the food intake of the cow. The quantity, quality and flavor o f the milk depend on the food which is eaten by the cow. The main components of milk are 87% water, 4% lipid, 5% lactose (carbohydrate), 3.3% protein and 0.7% minerals. But these numbers can vary depending on the cow breed, its diet and the phase of lactation. Although levels of components vary in milks, different kinds of milk can be stored together in the same tanks. 1.2 Milk process model (Based on Cornell University model) 1.3 Condition of lactation Until lactation the farmer has to make sure that the udder, the flanks and the teats of the milk producing animal are clean. Her udder has to be washed and massaged with a warm detergent sanitizer solution. To decrease infectivity, the first flow of milk from each teat has to be separated from other streams of milk because this flow includes all the organisms that entered the teat while it was opening. It is dangerous, when the producing animal has an infected udder, it might hold numerous, potentially harmful, organisms. In such a case, it is likely, that there will be harmful diseases. One of the most hazardous diseases is called Mastitis, which can add numerous organisms in milk. Farmers have to pay careful attention that the cow is milked until the udder is empty because if some milk remains in the udder it will spoil. Milk usually spoils when microorganisms generate noxious and degraded proteins, fat of milk and carbohydrates. The farmer or the personal responsible for lactation of the milk producing animal has to be in good health condition. Hands have to be washed carefully with special bactericidal solution and the nails have to be kept away from dirt. They have to have a clean handkerchief, a surgical mask and wear neat and clean uniforms. Following protocol is obligatory in order to prevent milk from epidemics and harmful diseases, for the personal or the farmer may be carrier of such infections or diseases. The main milk viruses are brucellosis, tuberculosis and Q fever. However there are also other, infrequent, bacteria and diseases found in milk such as pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, streptococcal infections, and anthrax and so on. 1.4 Milk Powder Powder can be manufactured from milk which has much longer lifecycle than fresh milk does. The powder manufacturing process consists of subtracting water from milk at the lowest possible cost under strict hygiene settings. The 87 percent of water which milk contains is removed by boiling it at low temperature and keeping it under reduced pressure. Approximately thirteen kilograms of milk powder can be produced one hundred liters of milk. In order to liquidate milk, it must be mixed with water. Like normal milk, liquidated milk powder must be refrigerated in order to keep it fresh. One of the main reasons why powder is manufactured is the ease of bulk transportation. It is also cheaper than fresh milk. Fresh milk cannot be transported easily for long distances. For example, if in Georgia there is a shortage of milk; neighboring countries (Ukraine or Belarus) do not export fresh milk because it spoils easily during transportation. It is obvious for everyone, that fresh milk tastes bett er and is healthier than powdered milk. The level of fat in powdered milk is almost zero and it may not be fortified with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. GEORGIA 2.1 Current situation in Georgia In 1993, the population of the area presently under the control of the Georgian Government was some 4.8Â  million. In 2005, the number had decreased to less than 4.3Â  million, but the decrease in population has not affected the urban and rural areas equally. The decrease in the rural population was only some 100,000 people, 20% of the total decrease and less than half of what would have been expected. One of the reasons for this is that when the economy fell and jobs were lost, many Georgians returned to their original rural areas and engaged in agriculture as a survival strategy. Georgia is a mountainous country in which the development of livestock production started long ago. It has always been an important part of the agriculture sector and of the national economy in general. Farmers raised cattle, pigs and chicken in the lowlands, while in the highlands sheep farms were the major source of income for many households. The transition has significantly affected the livestock sector in Georgia. During the social unrest in 1992-93 the number of livestock sharply decreased. These numbers began to increase after 1995. Subsistence farmers diversify their production. They usually own milk producing cows, pigs and a few chickens. Milk, meat and eggs are produced for both home consumption and for sale. The daily cash income of rural households largely depends on the sale of livestock products, especially milk, cheese and meat. The interest of certain companies in the private sector in livestock production has increased over the past 15 years which has increased the use of feed crops in Georgia, especially maize and barley. A rapid increase in maize production following Georgias land privatization policies in the mid-1990s is a direct result of the private sectors interest in livestock. 2.2 Herds of cows in Georgia Most herds of cows in Georgia are a mixed breed in origin. There are a number of different breeds that are commonly identified. The major livestock breeds are: Caucasian mountain breed; Megrelain breed; Caucasian Brown breed, Russian Red breed, Black White Russian Friesian breed and Jercy breed. The Caucasian Mountain breed is predominantly found in North-East Georgia and is considered as a small breed. It weighs approximately 275 kg and produces low quantities of milk. This bread is used for mostly for meat production. The Megrelain breed, mostly found in the valley and mountains in the West Georgia, is also a small breed. However, these cows produce more milk than does the Caucasian mountain breed. It produces approximately 500 to 1 500 liters per lactation, depending on the supplementary food that is given to the producing animal. It has a reddish or brownish coat and weights about 300 kilograms. The Caucasian Brown breed produces significantly more milk than both the Megrelian b reed and the Caucasian Mountain breed. These cows are the offspring of Brown Swiss bulls with the local breeds. They weigh about 500 kilograms and produce from 2 500 to 3000 liters per lactation. The Caucasian Brown breed is a great milk and meat source. Currently most Caucasian brown breeds are producing offspring with local breeds and so, over time, if this trend continues the Caucasian Brown breed may no longer have its genetically superior qualities. Another large breed is the Russian Red breed which weights from 450 to 500 kilograms and can produce from 4 000 to 5000 liters of milk. However, similar to the Caucasian Brown breed, it is breeding with local bulls, which will cause the degradation of the original breed. The Black and White Russian Friesian breed, another large quantity milk source, produces 3 000 to 5 000 liters of milk per lactation. However, this breed is so small in number that it is in danger of becoming extinct. The Jercy breed is originally from Denmark and w as brought to Georgia by UMOCR and financed by USDA in 2002. They were sent to two locations; Sagarejo and Signagi. However, pregnant Jercy cows in Sagarejo had adaptation related problems and did not survive. In contrast, the Jercy cow breeds in Signagi have successfully adapted to their new environment and have increased in number since 2002. The Jercy breed is can produce more milk than local breeds can and its milk has higher levels of fat; approximately 4 to 5 percent. Georgian farmers stated that the average milk yield was around 1,200 kg per cow. However, statistical data in the country and by region and district indicates that the average milk yield varied around 1,000 kg. 2.3 Ascertaining the problems through interview #1 Zurab Tskitishvili, director of a milk production factory and a highly experienced man in this field, agreed to give an interview and share his opinion about the current situation in Georgia concerning milk production, issues regarding livestock, and certain unsolved problems. According to Mr.Tskitishvili Georgian livestock production is below its maximum potential capacity. He stated that, livestock producers lack incentives to produce for large markets because of the absence of reliable supply chains for their products. They predominantly continue to produce at near subsistence levels, with low productivity. At the same time, the larger scale Georgian manufacturers of livestock products are not purchasing the amount of raw materials from Georgian livestock farmers that they could be purchasing. He states that, they could tap into the growing urban markets if they decide to invest the time and money. They face formidable challenges and risks in the development of effective supply ch ains for livestock products. They also face challenges associated with high interest rates and aggressive international competition. Faced with these costs and uncertainties, processors have opted to satisfy most of their demand by importing milk powder. According to Mr.Tskitishvili the effect of these constraints is that the supply chain for the main livestock products is dysfunctional. For farmers, it means that their considerable capital asset in the form of livestock is performing far below its potential, leading directly to severe financial difficulties. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to supply the urban markets with fresh Georgian-sourced products. Most manufacturers of dairy and meat products confirm that Georgian consumers show a distinct preference for such products, which can easily be sold to them when the necessary supply chains are established. The statistics on agriculture in Georgia are not very reliable since most production comes from farms that consume all or most what they produce. However, estimates show a cattle population of some 1.1 million heads, with slowly rising figures. Milk production reached 700,000 tons of milk in 2001, which is insufficient for the Georgian milk and dairy demand. Self-sufficiency is about 60-65% and the remaining milk products are imported. Average yields are not more than 1,000 1,300 kg/cow per year. These low yields are a result of the loss of the former markets, the undeveloped infrastructure and the lack of support services, such as veterinary services, advisory services, artificial insemination and inputs supply (quality seeds and fertilizers). Many farmers are stuck in a low input low-output trap and domestic production suffers from import competition. The decayed state of the irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to increasing (crop) yields and the competitive ness of domestic production with imports. Moreover, a lack of monitoring of the food intake of cows is also a prevalent problem in Georgia. While Georgia is not a heavily polluted country, the garbage disposal system is poor in some areas. Therefore there is sometimes garbage lying around for cows to eat. Certain cow milk does not meet Georgias food safety and quality standards due to the diet of the cow. In order to increase good quality milk production, it is necessary to strictly monitor what cows are eating. If the government were to establish a good garbage disposal system in these regions then cows would only have access to healthy food Electricity is sometimes not available in certain regions, making it difficult to install milking equipment and cooling tanks in those areas. Fodder production and conservation is difficult because of the lack of farm machinery and good seeds. The lack of farm machinery increases dependence on desirable weather conditions which are beyond the control of cattle grazers and farmers. Concentrates are expensive in relation to the price of milk. Milk production is highly dependent on natural grazing, which combined with spring-calving, causes high seasonal fluctuations in milk production. This is again reflected in the price of milk, which varies from around 25 Tetri/kg (25 Tetri is equivalent to 10 Euro cents) in summer to 45 Tetri/kg in winter. Grain can be sold for 55-60 Tetri/kg in winter. The quantity of animal food products produced within Georgia does not meet the Georgian populations demand for these products. In 2005, (the latest statistical data available) the total milk production in Georgia was 788,000 tons or about 65% higher than 1995. During the same period, per capita milk consumption increased from 146 kg to 238 kg or a 63% increase, while imports increased from 228,000 tons to 268,000 tons or an increase of 12.6%. The majority of the increase in total milk consumption was covered by local production, thus reducing dependency on imports and increasing the self-sufficiency ratio from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. The increase in total milk production was mainly due to an increased number of cows. The main reason for low productivity is the short lactation period (250 to 280 days) and the lack of quality winter feed. During the winter cows are generally not milked. They are mainly fed straw and in some cases with hay. Grass is cut late in the summer when it has already lost its nutritional value. The production of fodder crops is limited by the scarcity of the arable land and lack of irrigation. Milk production from cows can be greatly improved by better nutrition management and health control. 2.4 Ascertaining the management of cow feed through interview #2 After the interview, it became obvious that cow food intake is an unresolved problem. Ia Mirazanshvili, a representative of GRM international, discussed in an interview the details of managing cow feed. She works for GRM international, which is leading international development Management Company specializing in the provision of project design, management expertise and technical assistance to development projects for bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, governments and corporations. GRM international is starting a new project in Georgia which will be based on dairy sector development. Ia Mirazanshvili provided me with the current information and future development strategy regarding feed production. About twelve years ago 260,000ha were used for the production of 516,000 tons of cereals, which represented 36% of the local consumption. In 2005, the total land for cereal production increased to 355,000 ha or by 35.6 %, which resulted in the total production of 703,000 tons, cov ering 49% of the local consumption. One third of the total production, 332.000 tons, was used for feed and two thirds for direct consumption by population. According to statistics from the Office of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 2007 farmers interest in cereal production has significantly declined due to an unfavorable domestic price. In 2005/2006 production of maize amounted to 421,000 tons, half of which was used for animal feed. The self-sufficiency ratio in maize is between 97 percent and 100 percent. In the country, there is only one feed mill located in Marneuli, some 40 km south of Tbilisi. The mill is owned by the Dogan Company from Turkey. It has a capacity of 1 t/h of feed for fish and 5 t/h of feed for cattle. The information on the total volume of feed sold in one year is not available. The mill is not equipped with an analytical laboratory or quality control system. There are no tariff or non-tariff barriers for the importation of compound feed. The majority of sma ll to medium-sized farms do not use compound feed. However, in view of the expected increase in meat consumption (in 2005 per capita meat consumption was 32,5 kg compared with 29 kg in 1995, a 12% increase) and the necessary changes in pig production systems, Mrs. Mirazanshvili assumes that the demand for compound feed, particularly for monogastric animals would increase in the near future. As for the livestock sector, improvement of the local market for locally produced milk and dairy products, stabilization of prices close to their present levels and an increase in milk yields per cow could have a positive impact on demand for milk replacements for calves and on the consumption of compound feed for dairy cattle. Although there is a limited (niche) market for quality beef, it is difficult to assume that cereal based beef production will play an important role in the cattle sector of Georgia. The future development of the feed industry in the country will greatly depend on the level of self-sufficiency in cereals, and the world market prices of cereals and other imported components. It may be assumed that the consumption of cereals for feed production would increase parallel with an increased yield from cereals presently very low at 2.0 tons/ha to a higher level, which should be attainable in the local agro-climatic conditions and improved agronomy. 2.5 Organizations involved in improvements of Georgias milk sector From the interview with her it became obvious that this field is considered an important field by many Georgian and foreign organizations. GRM international along with NGOs and other prominent organizations are involved in the Georgian dairy industry. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), through its implementing agency OPTO International, is managing the ongoing Support to the Milk and Dairy Sector in Georgia project. This project has developed three main components the mobilization and capacity building of small dairy farmers/householders and development of supply chains for milk and dairy products; the establishment of an industry association, the Dairy Industry Promotion Association (DIPA); and improved Food Safety information. The World Bank (WB) is currently preparing a Livestock Development Programme. The formulation report for this project has been presented and the project design is to be discussed in July. UMCOR has carried out agricultural projects in Georg ia since 1997. Although they are not engaged in any project currently, they are assessing potential projects in two regions; Shida Kartli and Samtskhe Javakheti. In both regions they are conducting soil tests and looking at farmer association opportunities. The Georgian Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) imported 10,000 doses of semen from Worldwide Sires in the US (Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein), of which 3,000 doses, mainly Jersey, are left. MAF are in the process of importing 500 in-calf heifers (300 Brown Swiss and 200 Holstein). They are planning to distribute up to 30 animals to individual farmers (2,000 Euro per cow). GTZ have their Developing Agrarian Sector project, which has been operating for the past two years. This assists MAF in developing their Food Quality and Safety standards. They have two pilot regions: Samtskhe Javakheti for beef production and Shida Kartli for fruit production. In addition, GTZ ran the Business Development Programme in Borjomi a Regional Development Initiative project with US$ 3.5 million funding from BTC Partners (BP), which ended at the end of 2008. The project was established for a year and a half, concentrating increasing milk production from cows and honey production from bees. They have 1,300 farmers with 5,000 cows, all of which have been registered and ear-tagged. Animal health is a key component of the project; 30% of cow blood samples have been taken and tested. 2.5 SWOT analysis The genetic straits of milk producing cattle in Georgia are problematic in establishing a thriving dairy industry. In order to move one step forward, the genetics of cows in Georgia needs to be improved. Only certain types of cow breeds can produce desirable quantities of milk to fuel a large dairy industry. We can assume that genetic improvement should be an integral and essential element of a complete strategy and national program for dairy development. Perhaps the development of the cattle sub-sector in Georgia could be a part of the solution. Potentials and constraints are summarized in the SWOT analysis above. Defining breeding objectives (e.g. assessment of the market and the future demand for products, increased milk production, type of milk required, desired characteristics of cattle with regard to production systems and methods, etc) is the first step towards the treatment and development of the sub-sector. This should be done by farmers on local levels and coordinated at th e level of the state. SWOT Analysis of Current Production Systems Strengths a) High demand for milk and milk products: in 2005, the country imported 268,000 tons of milk (mainly milk powder) or 25% of the total milk consumption; b) Growing per capita consumption of milk: from 146 kg in 1995 to 238 kg in 2005; c) Nutritional habits of the population and a diet that includes daily consumption of cheese (particularly local types such as Sulguni and Imeruli) and fermented products; d) More than sufficient numbers of cows: in 2007, there were about 700.000 milking cows; e) 276,000 he of pasture land. Weaknesses a) Low productivity of cows about 1000 kg; b) Poor and inadequate nutrition, particularly during the winter; c) Short lactation period 250 to 280 days; d) Poor management of dairy cows and inadequate housing; e) Lack of sanitary control and inadequate veterinary support (TBC, brucellosis, mastitis); f) Difficult access to credit; g) Lack of extension service support; h) Poor rural roads and difficulties in sale of liquid milk to processors; i) Orientation of processors to use reconstituted milk for the production of fermented products. j) Lack of legislation and regulatory measures governing animal production and genetic improvement (food law, animal production laws and regulations). Opportunities a) Meeting the existing demand: local market can absorb 30 to 40 percent higher quantities of locally produced milk and milk products; b) Improved productivity, utilization and management of pastures and meadows (e.g. re-seeding, fertilization, mechanization, conservation of hay and grass silage); c) Increased production of food crops by rational utilization of land and water resources, including use of fallow and temporarily uncultivated land and rehabilitation of irrigation systems; d) Improved utilization of the existing genetic resources by better nutrition, housing, health care and management including separation of males from cows, use of healthy and licensed bulls for natural mating and use of locally produced and imported semen for selected best cows as potential bull mothers; e) Development of market and profit-oriented breeding objectives (e.g. increase in milk yield per cow, increase in slaughter weight of beef, decrease in the total number of cows) and of producer driven, owned and managed breeding programs aimed at genetic improvement through identification of animals, establishment of recording of productive and functional traits, genetic evaluation, use of the best local and imported bulls for natural mating and A.I. including the establishment of herd books of nucleus (elite) national herds of selected breeds and of the improved technical and business cooperation with European and world breed associations; f) Functional cooperatives and producers associations with their own extension and marketing services including milk collection centers established within the framework of development assistance projects with potential of spillover effects. g) Improved institutional framework (producers associations, commercial organization, extension, veterinary care, research) and human resources (training of farmers and technicians, international technical and commercial cooperation) in support of the attainment of policy, production and breeding objectives. h) Approval of legislative measures related to animal production, protection of consumers and safety of food; Threats a) Substantial decline in world prices of milk powder and butter; this may lead to an increase in import of skimmed milk for reconstitution and production of fermented products from imported material; b) Further decline in genetic potential and production capacity due to inbreeding and uncontrolled mating within herds and nahiri (group of animals from a village or from several owners grazing communal pastures); c) Further increase in number of cows with low genetic potential in reply to increased demand for milk and the lack of cows with higher genetic potential; d) Overgrazing of existing public pastures by an increased number of cattle; e) Outbreak of diseases and their spread throughout of the country due to inadequate control of movements of animals and the lack of existence of systems for identification and registration of animals and cattle keeping holdings. 2.6 Risk Analysis The Terms of Reference highlighted a number of risk factors that may affect the project accomplishment. An evaluation of these factors has been made during the Inception Phase with the following findings: Factor Risk Economic growth Economic crisis, low or negative growth Public finance Budget limits restricting Georgian partner responsibility Quality of public Corruption administration Agricultural development Policy mistakes, for example re-collectivization Dairy Sector Growth Stagnant raw milk supply; stagnant consumer demand Stalled reform of rich countries Continued export subsidies, low international powder agricultural and trade policies, prices especially as to expert subsidies Worsening of South Ossetian Refusal of Ossetian and Georgian work together security Conflict problems III. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Georgia, 80% of milk is produced in the spring and summer, although demand for dairy products is greatest in the winter. Provided farmers can manage the additional husbandry, milking cows over winter is more profitable, as the winter price is usually twice or even three times that of the summer price. The SMDSP Project has been implementing a winter milk program including three activities. These include: planting of forage crops in each village, autumn calving, and special winter feed demonstrations, including trials and cost benefit analyses in concentrate usage and for the future silage maize. The lack of forage (hay and silage) is a major factor for promoting the seasonal calving during the spring. To extend the lactation period through year-round calving, the Project is promoting protection of forage crops through forage demonstrations in each Dairy Farmer Association (DFA). The planting and harvesting of forage crops is managed by the members of the DFA, who benefit from the output of the demonstrations. There is evi