We Must Put an End to Corporal Punishment Essay - 2377 Words

There was an old woman who lived in a shoe She had so many children she didnt know what to do She gave them some broth, Without any bread Whipped them all soundly, and sent them to bed (Mother Goose). All across American households, adults whip, spank, paddle, and swat children as a form of acceptable punishment and as deterrent to unwanted behaviors. These actions are considered corporal punishment, and can be defined numerous ways. The American Public Health Association defines corporal punishment as the infliction of bodily pain as a penalty for behavior disapproved by the punisher(American Public Health Association). Similarly, the American Medical Association describes it as the use of force with the†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, studies prove the cumulative negative affects corporal punishment has on children. These negative consequences include (but are not limited to) harm to cognitive ability and development, antisocial and violent behavior, potential for future abusive behavior during adulthood, bodily harm and injury, sexual development problems, emotional distress, and can even be a gateway to more abusive means of discipline. Admittedly, it is astonis hing that all of these negative consequences result from a legal administration of discipline that 90% of all Americans say they have used (Muller). In 1986, Murray Straus and Mallie Paschall began one of the most credible longitudinal studies conducted in the field of corporal punishment. According to Straus, the research was prompted by studies showing that talking to children (including pre-speech children) is associated with an increase in neural connections in the brain and in cognitive performance. She stated that, Those findings led us to theorize that if parents avoid corporal punishment they are more likely to engage in verbal methods of behavior control such as explaining to the child, and that the increased verbal interaction with the child will in turn enhance the childs cognitive ability (Straus and Paschall). This theory was tested on 960 children of mothers in the National LongitudinalShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment in Schools1484 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal Punishment in Schools Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable (Miller, Vandome, amp; McBrewster, 2009). Corporal punishment can be divided into three categories, these include: judicial, domestic and school. For the purpose of this essay we will be focusing on school corporal punishment, the advantages and guidelines to followRead MoreThe After Math Of A Raised Hand . What Is The Harm Of A1616 Words   |  7 Pagesreinforcement is also known as corporal punishment and is still present today in southern American states including some Texas school systems. Corporal Punishment is defined as a â€Å"punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating† however this fails to include the psychological implications of corporal punishment in schools (corporal punishment). The benefits of corporal punishment in the short-run ar e outweighed by the negative effects the punishment produces evident by the SocialRead MoreThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Student Development Beyond The Institution Of Education1632 Words   |  7 Pagesalso known as corporal punishment and is still present today in the southern American states, including some Texas school systems. Corporal punishment defined as â€Å"punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating† (Corporal punishment). Some administers believe benefits include fewer student outbursts and a quiet environment; however, this logic fails to include the psychological implications of corporal punishment on students. Negative effects of corporal punishment negate the benefitsRead MoreCorporal Punishment Is A Form Of Physical Punishment1363 Words   |  6 Pages Corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that inflicts pain on kids for their negative actions such as spanking. This topic is controversial because some people feel very strongly that they should be allowed to continue using these methods and others feel very strongly that they should not be allowed to. I feel as if this method of punishment is inhumane and should not continue to be used. The modernization of psychology has proved that hitting children will not help them learn thatRead MoreCorporal Punishment : The Latin Corpus Meaning Body1261 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal is from the Latin corpus meaning body. Thus, corporal punishment involves physical punishment. In current times, we have usually used the word corporal punishment as it relates to punishment in a school setting often in the form of spankings or paddling a student who is found to have violated some rule. Historically, corporal punishment was used to punish people who were found to have committed various minor crimes. Throughout history there have been many ways devised to inflict painRead MoreHistory of Spanking Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans have wrestled about the topic of spanking children for discipline. We waver back and forth for a while it is okay and expected that we will discipline the children by using corporal punishment. Then everything changes and for years it is no longer acceptable. It has been the subject of many heated debates and will continue to do so as long as we have parents and as long as they raise children. In the long run we will find out if spanking turned out to be an asset or a liability but for theRead More Corporal Punishment: An Unnecessary Tool in Education Essays2089 Words   |  9 PagesCorporal Punishment: An Unnecessary Tool in Education An emergency room physician sees the welts and deep purple bruises of the thighs and buttocks of a twelve-year-old and does what he must do under the law: he reports a possible case of child abuse. The county social worker arrives and finds that the injuries did not occur at home but were the result of a spanking administered earlier in the day by a teacher who had used a wooden paddle. The boy had misbehaved in a gym class. The socialRead MoreCopral Punishment to Students9866 Words   |  40 PagesASSESMENT OF TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE PROPOSED REVISION OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN TANZANIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. A CASE STUDY OF NYAMAGANA DISTRICT A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFULMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE BACHELOR OF ART WITH EDUCATION AT ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OY TANZANIA. BY INNOCENT SULLEY BAED, 25598 APRIL 2012. CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Corporal punishment is conflicting and confusing issue as it is discussed withRead More Anti Death Penalty Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagespenalty is a form of punishment, we all should be aware of this information†¦the correct information, and not just what crime the â€Å"Dead Man Walking† committed. III. Myself, Chandra, Steve, and Geoff have done extensive research on the subject of corporal punishment and will discuss those findings with you today. IV. The Death Penalty is a costly, immoral, and imperfect form of punishment. Before Americans chant â€Å"Death† for a moral wrong, we should make sure that we are right. V. Today we will discuss someRead MoreThe Spanking Issue: the Ethical Dilemma of Corporal Punishment1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Spanking Issue: The Ethical Dilemma of Corporal Punishment This issue of corporal punishment is a current issue that many people have on their minds. The issue strikes an emotional chord for many whom were or were not punished by spanking during their own childhoods. The issue generally focuses on the effect that spanking or other discipline methods will have on children. I will specifically be exploring the question: is it ever appropriate to spank a child? The cases for and against the spanking

Analysis Of The Story Of Ishmael And The Story Of Esau

Two stories and One lesson While reading the story of Ishmael and the story of Esau, readers could easily find some similarities. Both stories delineates the process of the disfranchisement of the elder sons’ firstborn right, the expulsion of certain characters, and the instruction of God. Those similarities make people to wonder that whether the two stories are just the same kind of story written to teach the believer the same lesson. This essay is divided into three parts and aimed to prove that the disfranchisement stories of Ishmael and Esau are essentially the same story told over two generations First of all, every main character of the Ismael narratives has its exact counterpart in the Esau narratives: Ishmael corresponds to Esau, Isaac to Jacobs, Abraham to Isaac, and Sarah to Rebekah. In Ishmael and Esau’s case, according to Genesis, Ishmael was the child of Hager, the Egyptian slave, and Abraham. He was hated by his â€Å"mother†, Sarah, who was Ishmael ’s mother in law according to the â€Å"ancient surrogate motherhood customs: a wife could give her maid to her husband and claim the child as her own† () and initially protected by his father Abraham. He was the victim who was casted out by Sarah and lost his birthright. Esau was also hated by his mother, Rebekah, while loved by his father, Isaac, accordingly(Genesis 25:28), and he lost his birthright and the death blessing in the end. Not only did Esau and Ishmael share the similar kind of living circumstances, they alsoShow MoreRelated ROMANS 9:6-13 Essay4798 Words   |  20 Pagesis not necessary to discuss beyond the context). Next, a proposed translation of the text is done highlighting the variants that exists in the passage. Then, a socio-rhetorical analysis using inner texture and intertexture will be used to draw out a clearer understanding of the passage. Finally, with the help of the analysis, the meaning of true Israel and the understanding of sovereign e lection will be discussed. This understanding of this focus is fundamental in correcting, if any, the misinterpretationRead MoreBiblical Names In Toni Morrisons Song Of Solomon1574 Words   |  7 Pageslike Noah, Jacob, David, and Miriam, are names currently in the top 1000 child names in the world, and they are all biblical names. Names from the Bible are also found in many works of literature, like Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon, a coming of age story about a young man during the mid twentieth century. The reader is introduced to multiple characters with biblical names, which correspond to the characters’ personalities. In the book Song of Solomon, the characters take on the role of their biblical

Resource Based View And Porters Five Forces Analysis

Question: Identification of key issues, justification and evaluation of the choice of analytical models? Answer: Introduction Lego group is not new in the toy industry and they are well aware of the requirements of the target market. Lego group is not the same as they were in the past. Brand management and reputation building is well taken care by the management of Lego group. Resource based view and porters five forces analysis has helped Lego group to improve the existing position in the market. There have been ups and downs for Lego group but every time they have emerged stronger than what they were in the past. Resource based view of Lego Resource based view is well implemented at Lego, worlds popular toy manufacturer. In the year 2003, they suffered due to the financial crunch but that is not the case anymore. After 2003, the management of Lego decided to use the efficiencies efficiently. After the crisis, the company decided to look for ways by which they can get back the competitive position in the market and at the same time, they also wanted to regenerate the profits which they use to regenerate in the past. In the past, the management use to continuously look for ways by which the target market can be satisfied with new ideas but that is not the case now. Now the company looks for ways by which creative ideas can be implemented and at the same time, they are also willing to generate good profits so that the company can survive in the market (Schultz 2000). Resources and capacity of Lego Production Facility The production capacity of Lego before 2004 was huge as they had different types of machineries for manufacturing different types of toys. It was seen that only 30% of the toys produce 80% of revenue but then the organization has plenty of types of designs. The innovation team had to just innovate new toys without considering the production facility required or the revenue that will be generated. Lego had approximately 11000 suppliers and hence, they were spending huge money on maintaining the suppliers. Lego group decided to change the strategy which they were following till date. They decided to start with outsourcing the production responsibility rather than that of having it in-house. They outsourced the production responsibility to Mexico and Czech Republic. This helped Lego to reduce the production cost and at the same time, the time required for the toys to reach from manufacturing factory to the store shelves was just 3-4 days (Oliver 2007). Energy consumption Fossil fuel energy was used in the past for the purpose of manufacturing but they realized that it is very expensive. Lego group has started to use renewable energy sources so that they can save money. Apart from the usage of renewable energy, they have decided to optimize on the usage of electricity. The group has started to make investment in intelligent lighting, hydraulic pressures are replaced and optimizing the usage of compressed air system. Supply chain management Lego was initially reaching the customers through small retailers. Small retailers use to purchase small quantity from Lego and hence, Lego was spending lot of money in reaching the retailers. Lego also had 5 logistics centers in Denmark, Germany and in France. Maintenance of these logistics centers were also adding to the cost center of Lego. Later on Lego decided to tie-up with big companies like Wal-mart and other retailers who will be buying the toys in bulk. This helped the organization to reduce the cost of transportation and at the same time, these retailers had their own logistics center. Lego also decided to close their logistics center and hence, their cost was reduced. Along with the external logistics, the internal logistics of the organization was also improvised. Employees who were travelling between the production center and administration center were asked to use bicycles and not cars. This helped the organization to save energy and the negative impact on the environm ent was also reduced. Recycling and waste management Recycling was one of the strategies that were used by the management of Lego group so that they can reduce the impact that they are creating on the environment. A system wherein the waste is recycled and directly returned to the production machinery was implemented. This saved time and also the raw materials were used efficiently. The wastage due to handling was reduced. The production cost reduced drastically due to the recycling process that was undertaken (Aanderson 2011). High quality and value product development Quality of production Lego toys are known for the high quality bricks that they produce. The bricks can be used to create anything that the child wants. Apart from that, the bricks will remain intact even when it is thrown up in the air. In fact, it was seen that Lego bricks was passed from one generation to that of another. A special plastic was used to manufacture Lego bricks. The materials used by Lego for the purpose of producing bricks are made up of special polymer. Due to this, the usage of fossil fuel has increased extensively. The management of Lego toys wants the toys to be safe and hence, ongoing testing is undertaking so that the toys can be safe for the customers to be used. Apart from that, the chemicals and paints that are used for the purpose of designing the toys is also checked before it is used. Mechanical tests are also conducted so that strains can be avoided when the child bites, hits or twists the toys. The size of the toy is well considered in advanced so that the customer doesnt get choked if they place the toys in their mouth. The sharp edges are also well tested so that it doesnt hurt the consumer by any chance. The company is not only strict with the suppliers and retailers but they are very strict with themselves as well. Internal audits are conducted aggressively so that even the smallest mistake can be identified and corrected (Shiller 2005). Value of products Lego products are much researched and hence, they understand the psychology of children. These bricks will improve the intelligence of the children and this is what makes Lego different than that of the other competitors available in the market. They continuously track on the new things that are existent in the market so that they can develop something that will hold the attention of the children. Customers who were ordering Lego toys were having complaints related to missing parts and manuals but that was sorted. In the Legos website, the customers can complaint about the missing parts and give the address wherein they would like to receive the toys. The missing parts would be delivered to the address mentioned (Kotler 2006). Other activities to maintain the value Most of the parts of the Lego toys is manufactured by the suppliers and hence, maintaining quality is a big challenge. All the suppliers associated with Lego Toys are trained so that they can maintain the same quality. A document which talks about the minimum expectations that a supplier should maintain to be associated with Lego is mentioned. This ensures that only the quality customers are associated with Lego. Lego wants to stay ahead in the competition and hence, they are coming up with animated characters. These animated characters are gaining popularity among the young children. During the initial days, Lego never thought of getting into digital gaming but they entered the digital gaming. They choose popular characters like Indiana Jones, Batman, star wars and others so that they can attract the kids. Just like they are concerned about the safety of the kids when producing toys, they are very particular about the advertisements that will be seen while the kid will be playing the games (Mankiw 2003). Being responsive to the market trends In the year 2004, most of the toy markers believed that gone are the days when Lego Toys were popular than that of the other toys but Lego proved them wrong. Lego toys are fifty years old and they are completely different than what they use to be in the past. They are changing continuously so that they can meet the fast changing requirements of the customer. To attract the target market, they developed digital games based on Star Wars, Batman and other animated characters which may be considered to be interesting by the kids. Lego toys are well aware of the fact that kids today are losing their physical ability to play games but Lego doesnt want that to happen. To keep the physical toys into existence, Lego is trying its level best to improve the bricks game so that kids are willing to play the bricks game, in spite of the presence of plenty of digital games in the open market. For parents, Lego toys would be preferred for physical toys and digital games because of the security and s afety that they offer to kids. Lego always wants to be ethical and they dont want to lose their important for the few extra money that they can earn from advertisements (Porter 2008). Brand management Organizational culture can play a key role in branding because the employees speak about their experience while they are associated with the company. The management of Lego always ensures that they get feedback from the employees so that improvement can be made. Talking about the brand, it can be said that most of the people today refer to bricks as Legos and this is an achievement for any organization. External stakeholders hold a positive image about the organization because of the charity work that they do. At the same time, they ensure that they stick to the ethical values so that the human safety and rights are safeguarded. These are few things which ensure that the image of Lego is safeguarded at all possible times (Henry 2007). Porters five forces analysis Different forces in the industry create different impact on Lego toys. It is very important for the management of Lego to understand the importance of each force so that they can act accordingly. The impact of each force on Lego toys are discussed below. The threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants in the toys industry is very low. The cost of plastic used for the purpose of manufacturing toys is very less but the fixed cost associated while setting up a new business is very high. Apart from that, toys manufacturing needs to be done manufactured in huge quantity and hence, there are high chances that the new entrant will not be able to compete directly with Lego toys. The existing toy manufacturers will not allow the new entrant to survive in the market because of the name that they hold in the market. The new entrants will have to market extensively so that they can create awareness about their product among the target market. It is merely impossible for a new entrant to make investment like what Lego toys are doing and hence, the possibilities of a new entrant in toy industry are very low (Grant 2005). The bargaining power of suppliers The power of suppliers in case of Lego group is very low because of the availability of large number of suppliers. Most of the suppliers of Lego group are located in Eastern Europe and Mexico because of their close proximity. The suppliers are dependent on Lego group for their business and hence, Lego group has the power and potential to influence the price at which they are buying and also the quality that needs to be maintained by the supplier so that they can continue their business with Lego group. Buying in bulk is one of the major reasons due to which the suppliers are more than willing to be associated with Lego group. Lego group is very precise when it comes to choosing suppliers. The suppliers will have to stick to the norms that have been set by the group as annual audits are created by Lego group to track the performance, impact on environment and also the employee rights. This ensures that the suppliers are in sync with the policies of Lego group. In the past, Lego group had a contract with Flextronics for supplying the raw materials but it was seen that Lego group was forced to follow the norms that are set by Flextronics and that is one of the major reasons due to which they decided to end the contract and get associated with small suppliers (Yeh 2004). The bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of individual buyers is very low but the retailers have a lot of power to bargain on the kind of toys. Many large retailers try and understand the requirements of individual buyers and it is accordingly shared with Lego group. Lego group works in accordance with the preference of the customer standard. The degree to which the products are differentiated is very high in toy industry. Lego group will have put in great efforts so that they can create brand awareness among the target market. Today, Lego toys are considered as something that is safe for kids, durable so the kids can use it for longer and lastly, it increases the creativity of the kid. Switching cost is not expensive and hence, if the customers are not happy they dont think much before they switch to some other toy manufacturer. The backward integration for Lego group is also very low and hence, the customers will not produce toys (McMillan 1996). The threat of substitute The threat of substitute for Lego group is very high. Lego is known for the brick games that they manufacture and brick games are used by kids at a very young age. Once they grow up, they prefer computer games over the brick games and hence, the threat of substitutes is very high. Boys prefer to play video games and girls are more interested in fashion shows and Barbie dolls and hence, it is very difficult to impress the kids who are above the age of 5. All the kids are playing computer games and hence, it is difficult for the parents to convince their kids to play with Lego toys. PC game industry is dominating the games industry at this point of time and hence, it can be stated that the threat of substitute is very high (Elton 1970). The intensity of rivalry There are plenty of toy manufacturers and hence, the intensity of rivalry is high in the industry. It is very important for Lego to ensure that the customers are completely aware of the availability of toys in the Lego group. People prefer to spend on toys only when their disposable income is high. During the year 2007-2009, financial crisis hit the globe and hence, it was seen that the peoples willingness to spend on toys was less. The fixed cost associated with Lego group is very high and it cannot be reduced depending on the sales. Lastly, the exit barriers in the industry are also very high. If Lego group is not generating sufficient profits then there are very high chances that they will have survive rather than that of exiting because of the high investments that they have made in machineries (Pupo 2002). Recommendations for Lego group Few of the recommendations that would help the group to be better that what it is today are as follows: - 1. Rebranding can be undertaken by Lego group so that they can continue to grow rather than that of being stagnant. When people talk about Lego, they mean the bricks game and not the other games. Rebranding should be done in such a way that the target market is aware of the digital games of Lego as well.2. Board games operations can be stopped completely by Lego. In the past, board games were very popular but that is not the case anymore as the kids have started to play digital games instead of board games. Stopping the complete board game operation will help the company to make profits by reducing the operational cost.3. Lego group should keep a track on the upcoming technology. Batman and Star wars are still popular but there are plenty of other companies as well which produce similar kind of games. Lego group can look for new thematic games so that they can survive the tough competition in the gaming industry (Barney 1996). References Barney J. B. (1996), Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, 1st ed., Prentice Hall, US Pupo G. A. R, (2002), Attain Sustainable Competitive Advantages by means of Organizational Learning, https://www.managementweb.com.ar/Estrategia4.htm Elton E. J., Gruber M. J., (1970) Marginal Stock Holder Tax Rates and Clientele Effect, https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~eelton/papers/70-feb.pdf McMillan C. J., (1996) The Japanese Industrial System, 3rd ed., Walter de Gruyter Co, Germany Yeh R. T., Yeh S. H., (2004) The Art of Business: In the Footsteps of Giants, Zero Time Publishing, London Grant R. M., (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 5th chapter: Analyzing Resources and Capabilities, 7th Edition edition, John Wiley Sons, US Henry A., (2007) Understanding strategic management, OUP Oxford, London Porter M. E., (2008), On Competition, Updated and Exploited ed., Harvard Business review, Boston, MA Mankiw G. N., (2003), Principles of Economics, Third Ed., South-Western, US. Kotler P., Kevin L., K., (2006), Marketing Management, 12 ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey Shiller R. (2005). Irrational Exuberance, 2d ed., Princeton University Press, US. Aanderson S., (2011), Cost Reduction Cost Advantage, https://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/quality-insider-article/cost-reduction-costadvantage.html Oliver K., Samakh E., Heckmann P., (2007), Rebuilding Lego, Brick by Brick, https://www.strategy-business.com/article/07306?gko=99ab7 Schultz M., Hatch M. J., Larsen M. H., (2000), The Expressive Organization: Linking Identity, Reputation and the Corporate Brand, Oxford University Press, USA

On Life Ownership an Example by

On Life Ownership Life is a mysterious divine gift, something which meanings are yet to be determined. As Aristotle puts it, man's soul is not propagated by their parents, but is infused by its Creator, and can neither die nor corrupt. At what time it is infused of its immortality and certainty of its resurrection (Anonymous, Ch. 4). Need essay sample on "On Life Ownership" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Each of us is bound for a journey where lessons can be learned every step of the way. Each of us is given the opportunity to witness every passing of time and see both the beautiful and ugly side of life to know where we stand, to suffer and relishthe facts and nature of life. It is free and is all yours to control. However, the complexities of it generate confusion among the living. Not every human fully understand lifes essence. There is no special entry in the Ten Commandments with regards to how human flesh is to be maintained other than Thou shalt not commit murder but it is clear in the Bible that God values life as much as we have to value it ourselves. And, given that God loaned us His breath for us to experience and enjoy life on earth as human beings, He also allowed us the right freedom to choose how we want to spend life. Do we own our life? If so, then we have the freedom to choose when to live and cease to live. However, religious teachings introduced to us humans our Creator, which makes us invalid decision-makers of our own existence. Humans, though have not enough time to comprehend this and immediately react in the face of dilemma. The modern world presents us a lot of factors that affect our thinking with regards to life. Suicide (the act of taking ones own life) and abortion (the parents voluntary removal or killing of an offspring while still in the womb through medical procedures) are the two major issues that need to be tackled in relation to control to life. This right to life begins as soon as a baby is born. Others might appeal to this premise and say that this special right is actually gained even if a child is still in the womb but it would be an unfair position for the mother who has the ultimate power and right to decide on her own body. The right to life is almost absolute. We are the carriers of our own flesh. In times when a desperate soul finds it difficult to continue living, he is free to take it. The casualties of suicide opted for death to be done instead of wait for it to come. Troubled teenage mothers choose to abort the babies in their wombs to avoid the harsher consequences and to end the emotional suffering. But the end does not complete the cycle, and this is the hardest part. Our right to life only ends in afterlife, if such a dimension truly exists; if we come face to face with our so-called Creator. Parents, friends or family members can only remind us of our lifes worth in hope of diverting our attention to another point of thinking but they can never dictate when and how it is spent and ends. However, this reason does not wash the hands clean and make suicide and abortion less of an evil act. Whether it is taking ones own life or the life of another does not disqualify it from being murderous. Further, anything even approaching infanticide is nothing short of a crime, and that abortion, except for the purpose of saving the life of the mother, is practically murder (H. W. Long, 1919). Indeed, "worldly sorrow brings death" (Democritus Junior, 1652). Man is constantly troubled emotionally and mentally as life is a series of challenges. Those who could not contain the pressure turn to suicide as an easy escape. The US Supreme Court has legalized abortion thirty five years ago, after which the rate of discontinued pregnancy elevated. Somehow, it is good news that the abortion rate fell 9% in five years (Time Magazine) according to the 2005 survey conducted by the Guttmacher Institute. Abortion and suicide cases are also common in many countries worldwide and their respective government are occasionally launching pro-life campaigns, while the media also do their part to help people who are susceptible to the acts realize the importance of life. Once ina while, an array of aggressive campaigns, direct and indirect, is launched as reminderssafe sex, monogamy, help hotlines, pro-life, teen age pregnancy, and many other related topics. These communication strategies work if we would only rely on the varying statistics that show its effectiveness. A serious approach is needed to matters as serious as abortion and suicide. The public should be made more aware of the possible consequences physically, mentally, and emotionally. It should be ridiculed or taken lightly for it may appear just an ordinary event in ones life. This way, injurious acts like these can be avoided. Too, there is a need for further education in schools where the potential victims are often found. Cities with higher rate of suicide and abortion should be prioritized in distribution of information. Parents especially should be taught how to deal reasonably with their children. Conclusion So God is fair enough to give every human a chance to live. A child, although not realizing it, has access to the rights to live while God the Almighty take control for the meantime until the child develops a mind to decide on his own. Control and rights are two different elements. All of these are given to us without a price. One can easily make or break his life; one can forget caring about his environment. Anybody can do anything with his own life and body for as long as it makes him happy. And sometimes, human can be fooled by pain, which always brings one to greater suffering. The way to salvation from death is consideration of oneself, our loved ones, and God. We must consider what happens next after we slash our wrists or drown ourselves in drugs (drug addiction is suicide), or take in doses of pills; we must consider what a babys life could have been should we have allowed it to go on; we must consider our parents and friends who care a lot; we must consider how a better person we can be after the storm. Everything, eventually falls in the right places if we use these particular challenges to perfect our approach to life. Thats how life should be. Works Cited Anonymous. The Works of Aristotle the Famous Philosophers. EBook #12699, Project Gutenberg. Guttmacher Institute. Why Have Abortion Rates Fallen? cited in Time.com http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1705604,00.html Junior, Democritus. The Anatomy of Melancholy. The Sixth Edition. London: Hen. Crips & Lodo Lloyd, 1652

Social psychology seems to have many origins; critically discuss the historical and philosophical roots of modern social psychology The WritePass Journal

Social psychology seems to have many origins; critically discuss the historical and philosophical roots of modern social psychology Introduction Social psychology seems to have many origins; critically discuss the historical and philosophical roots of modern social psychology IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction There are many explanations for the origins of modern social psychology. It is therefore important to consider that social psychology cannot be traced back to one single source of origin (Burr, 2003). Hence, this is the reason why there are debates of what social psychology is. Allport (1985) described social psychology as â€Å"the study of people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours which are influenced by the actual, imagines, or implied presence of others†. As seen from this definition there is a direct link between social science and the individual psychology (Sewel, 1989). Social psychology cannot be seen as a linear phenomenon. This is because social psychology has derived from combination of influences. The development of social psychology can be discussed in two different ways. Firstly, social psychology is argued to be found upon political movements and social philosophies in the United Stated of America (US). Secondary, it can be argued that social psychology developed due to the response of social and political needs. 3. There have been debates regarding whether social psychology should be dealt as a natural science or not. The ideology of natural science is very important as it affects the way the social psychologist deal with situations. For example, if there are specific scientific objectives then the study is laboratory based and uses experimental procedures in order to gain knowledge. Psychologists who use this positivistic method are classified as experimental social psychologists. On the other hand, critical-social psychology has competed with experimental-social psychologists. The strength of the critical-social psychologists is that they use a range of different methods in research, and are not limited to scientific knowledge. This includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. Overall, critical social psychologists are described as having a critical ideology in order to uncover meanings of social phenomena (Gough McFadden, 2001). Both critical and experimental social psychology for m the modern social psychology due to their important historical context. Experimental-social psychology is argued to be derived from the American tradition, and critical-social psychology has been argued to be derived from the European tradition. Although this has formed two distinct approaches in the use of methodology in psychology, there are still on-going debates over psychology as a science or not. 4. An important contribution that has made a great impact on the modern social psychology was from William McDougall. McDougall proposed for an evolutionary psychology, which was influenced by Darwin’s theory. Especially with the dominant fields of sociology and anthropology, McDougall was able to link science, sociology and psychology (McDougall, 1919). However, McDougall’s research in social evolution was also interpreted as radical due to the racism involved in behaviour gene inheritance. This shows that even though McDougall’s work has been a start point to the origins of social psychology, it has also led to misconcepts especially in the Western society. Another person who contributed to the origins of social psychology was William James which developed the theory of ‘stream of consciousness’. The strength of the ‘stream of consciousness’ was that it was not only using the introspect technique. The reason why James made an influence in social psychology is due to the step taken from introspection, in order to understand the human’s behaviour by their emotions and thoughts. 5. Although both McDougall and James made a great contribution to social psychology, especially in the context of theories and research, their interpretations are different. This difference is due to the discussion of human nature of free will. Overall, McDougall can be described as the origin of the European tradition of social psychology. This is because he believed an individual lacks free will due to the social and cultural forces. Whereas James can be described as the origins of the American tradition of social psychology. This is because James explained that individuals are conscious of their own decisions. Furthermore, James is an influencing figure in the philosophical movement of Pragmatism. Pragmatism approached ideologies and propositions with practical ideas, e.g. experimental validity. 9. The emergence of experimental social psychology is very different to critical social psychology. Rogers (2004) clarified the first social psychology experiments to be Triplett’s study on dynamogenic influence. In basic terms Triplett’s noticed that children performed better when in competition with others. Triplett’s study can now interpreted as social influence. However, Hogg Vaughan (1998) argues that Triplett’s study cannot be explained as the first social psychology study because it was recognised later on when the study was reformed. Nevertheless, Triplett’s study established the use of experimental methodology in his investigation. 6. Volkerpsychologie was a movement in Germany in the late nineteenth century. The Volkerpsycholgie disciple tried to explain the reasons behind social groupings as collective dimension (Rogers, 2003). The social groups in Germany where mainly dominant of specific German nationalist character. From these German characters it was proposed that language and culture had a role in individual perception and thinking. This led to Wundt’s proposition of using experimental psychology in order to investigate language and culture. Hence, Wundt is described as the ‘founder of experimental psychology’ (Burr, 2004). As an experimental psychologist Wundt believed psychology was a natural science, which is the reason why Wundt used introspection technique to interpret the consciousness, inner-thoughts, desires and sensations of individuals (English, 1921). However he did not ignore the philosophy of psychology, particularly with the rise of crowd-psychology. The history of crowd psychology links to the French Revolution in 1789-1799.   Crowd psychology can be described as a collectivist approach, in which the term ‘social’ is critical to our understanding, largely due to group influence and culture. 7. Between the periods of French revolution a lot of philosophical thinkers, including Comte and Durkheim, became interested on how the society and individuals influence each other. With the vast amount of literature emerging in France on social ideas the French-social theory began to develop. The French-social theory introduced Positivism, as of Comte. The doctrine of positivism allowed philosophy and science to be separated in order for science to become distinguished. However, the positivistic approach also was a major factor in the separation of American and European social psychology (Farr, 1996). This is why Comte can be perceived as the founder of social psychology (ALLPORT 1954). Comte’s work was influenced but also debated by Durkheim (Poggi, 2000W). Durkheim’s addition to French-social theory was the method of comparative, which is devised of observation (Randall, 1975W). The study of social representation became very famous in the French revolution period, pa rticularly Durkheim’s research that showed collective representation within a society (Farr, 1996). One of the major influences that this had on the modern social psychology is from Moscovici study. Moscovici noted Durkheim as his influence for his study in social representation (Farr, 1996). Social representation theory brought a new development to the social psychology, which is now described as critical social psychology. 8. With the French revolution the philosophical era of Enlightenment emerged. Enlightenment era brought civilisation to individuals, away from the religious authority of the church (Burr, 2004). This allowed individual’s to search for truth of reality, by means of reasoning. The ‘search for truth’ allowed individuals to explore social phenomena. For example; the ideology of Marx on social class and labour, Piaget’s reasoning of child development. Within the period of Enlightenment two different theoretical concepts arose; Modernism and Postmodernism. The assumption of science as the foundation to knowledge is constructed by modernism. The principles of modernism are described as; democracy, liberal individualism, liberal humanism, and science (Roger, 2003). The science established by modernism, brought a progress from the knowledge gained from the religious beliefs to the knowledge gained from scientific methods. However, postmodernism argues that knowledge is not discovered but rather constructed. Postmodernism also argue that there is multiple variety of knowledge, which the individual constructs by means of reasoning. The individuals construct their knowledge’s due to situation factors including culture and society in different locations. For example, the psychological illness of depression cannot always be diagnosed with the same scientific tests in different cultures. The principle of the postmodernisms has had a key impact on critical social psychology. Even though modernism and postmodernism are opposite terms, critically speaking both have established a European tradition of collectivistic approach. 9. The emergence of experimental social psychology is very different to critical social psychology. Rogers (2004) clarified the first social psychology experiments to be Triplett’s study on dynamogenic influence. In basic terms Triplett’s noticed that children performed better when in competition with others. Triplett’s study can now interpreted as social influence. However, Hogg Vaughan (1998) argues that Triplett’s study cannot be explained as the first social psychology study because it was recognised later on when the study was reformed. Nevertheless, Triplett’s study established the use of experimental methodology in his investigation. 2. One of the most significant event is social psychology is the World War 2 (WWII). Post war issues of social warfare arouse, which had an influence on social science applications. This event of WWII made the start of social psychology in the US in 20th century (Cartwright, 1979). This is mainly due the large amount of research conducted to investigate the reasons behind the Nazis attack on the Jews in WWII. Some psychologist including Lewin immigrated Germany to the US in order to conduct research on the areas of organisations and groups. He is now generally described as the ‘founder of social psychology’. Another researcher who also immigrated to the US was Moscovici who presented revolutionary findings in social representation in the field of minority influence. However, the main aim of social psychology research in the US was on government regulations of propaganda. Throughout this period the American tradition of social psychology started to emerge. The American tr adition was an individualistic one which emphasises on individual importance, e.g. the society is made up of individual 1, individual 2, individual 3, ect. Conclusion Overall the American tradition can be interpreted as the historical roots of social psychology. Whereas the European tradition can be interpreted as the philosophical roots of social psychology. The American root of social psychology now has a great impact on social cognitive approach. Social cognition includes attribution, stereotypes, autism, (Striano Reid, 2008). The European roots of social psychology have led to social constructionism and social representation. The modern social psychology is now constructed with the American and European doctrines. However, due to the political events and developing researches in social psychology, the disciple has only been able to contain within America (Cartwright, 1979). On the other hand, Gergen (1973) argued that social psychology cannot be interpreted as a science because social psychology is historically and culturally specific, which is the reason why the discipline is continuously changing. Critically speaking, there is an advantage of different approaches to social psychology, as it views dilemmas in different perspectives.

The Whiteness of Nerds

The Whiteness of Nerds 1. The anthropological study of Mary Bucholtz (2001) was conducted in the Bay City High School in 1995-96, and the article under review represents her findings on the discourse of whiteness, blackness, and super-whiteness exercised through acceptance of particular socio-linguistic roles by students known as ‘nerds’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Whiteness of Nerds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author investigates the linguistic mechanisms such as the usage of appropriate, super-standard English grammar, pronunciation, and choice of lexicon (full refusal from the youth slang, and its usage only to imply the division) as the way nerds distance themselves from other white students, and black students. The key criterion they use to articulate their division is intelligence and its realization through language. The topic of racialization of the notion of ‘whiteness’ not on ly visvis blackness, but inside it, involving the gradation of whiteness, is explored (Bucholtz 2001: 86). 2. The issue highlighted in the present article is the way racial markedness of certain groups of youth in the modern American society is achieved through the usage of certain linguistic forms, and the way this phenomenon is introduced in the notion of ‘whiteness’ that used to be considered a solid category juxtaposed to ‘blackness’. 3. The importance of the author’s argument is in the segmentation of the white society according to linguistic norms similarly to a wider division between larger groups of population, i.e. African American and European American students. The way language ideologies perform cultural work of division within a single socio-cultural group has not yet been explored in full; therefore, the cultural segmentation presented through linguistic means, and the potential for creating a particular profile of the group by means of using linguistic markers has much potential for future research. 4. The author ties her findings and conclusions to the research on language ideology and explores the subculture of nerds through such linguistic processes as iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure (Bucholtz 2001: 88). She explains the detachment strategies of nerds on the basis of these ideological tools.Advertising Looking for critical writing on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 5. There are several implications of Bucholtz’s line of argument relating to the volume of original material processed in the course of the discussed research. As for the meaning of intelligence as the main marker for ‘blackness’ and ‘whiteness’, as well as the measure of whiteness that can also differ widely across the group of all white people, there is comprehensive evidence of its essential meaning for all discursive ma rkedness cases discussed. Thus, for example, the notion of ‘hillbillies’ (as the degraded form of whiteness) can be assessed according to the intelligence criterion (Bucholtz 2001: 84). The example of African American students concealing their intellectual potential at school not to be accused of â€Å"acting white† and not to be called a â€Å"brainiac† also certifies the strong impact of not only inter-racial markedness, but the measures of intra-racial markedness that at times are even stronger than the inter-racial forms. Secondly, the process of creating a language ideology is welded in the sound body of evidence, which is genuinely persuasive. The study of Irvine and Gal 2000 is outlined and then utilized on a set of examples from the students’ interviews (Bucholtz 2001: 88). The way the author selects the fragment of interviews and explains the usage of certain terminology by the ideological view of certain elements of a subculture as ingrain ed and typifying is logical and efficient in the whole research. 6. The author has used the observational method, and applied the structured and unstructured interviews with the students of Bay City High School. 7. The ability to create socio-cultural markedness of one’s language, nerds in particular, may be considered the main strength of Bucholtz’s article. The exploration of the tools and strategies applied by nerds to underline their intelligence, and the role of intelligence in the estimate of ‘whiteness’, are also the strong sides of the research. However, the study lacks the generalization potential – observation in one school and for only one year is not enough to articulate the socio-linguistic characteristics of a specific demographic group in action. More comprehensive and longitudinal studies are required to make the study’s hypotheses stronger. 8. The present article represents much food for thought in shaping the knowledge about various aspects of communication on the broader scale. It is possible to assess more practical aspects of the unifying and separating power that one language may have within one culture.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Whiteness of Nerds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Miller, Esterik, and Esterik note (2010: 327), any language has strong ties to the culture in which it is spoken; it shaped the culture in the historical discourse of its formation, and makes it distinct from any other culture with another unique language. However, nowadays some subdivisions of a language may shape the unique appearance of certain subcultures, and give both positive and negative attributes to them. The notion of the relationships between language and class is also reinforced with the help of Bucholtz (2001). The issue of nerds striving to take a higher rank due to the usage of super-standard English, and the attrib ute of ‘hillbillies’ as degraders in the scale of the social class, show how the usage of certain linguistic norms shapes a certain image of language users, both unintentionally and by their deliberate effort. Hence, the language has become a strong instrument in shaping one’s identity, and it may be manipulated accordingly by a certain subculture or group.

Cheese defects and prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cheese defects and prevention - Essay Example The first defect is known as corky. It is a defect that is characterized by being dry and hard. Dryness is as a result of low moisture and hardness may be attributed to low fat content in the cheese. The hardness produces very strong resistance against the tier during penetration. These defects are as a result of various causes. They can arise in the development stage where there is lack of acid. Additionally, the defects can be caused by presence of high salt content in the moisture phase of production and use of excessive calcium chloride which negatively affects the quality of the cheese. More so, studies have indicated that lack of adequate coagulants in production leads to the defects. On the contrary, the defects can be avoided or eliminated by following the standard procedures in cheese making very accurately. The cheese making process should be thoroughly assessed to ensure that the recommended procedures are followed to latter in order to produce high quality cheese (Britz 2 008). Crumbly is another defect found in cheese. It is characterized by the tendency of falling apart when sliced. It also appears to be dry but not as compared to corky cheese. This defect seems to occur in an aging cheese, for instance when it is ten months old but in this respect is is termed as a friable body cheese. Crumbliness of cheese arises as a result of the level of acid produced exceeds the desired level during the cheese making process. It may also occur as a result of the cheese retaining very low moisture content hence the defect. This defect can be avoided by ensuring that the level of moisture produced is maintained as well as the level of acid development. Another remedy is to avoid ripening at very high temperatures (Lawrence 1987). Other defects of cheese include curdy, pasty and softness or weak cheese. The curdy defect of cheese is caused by lack of adequate curing in cheese. This defect can

Evaluating a statement with reference to the traditional concept of Essay

Evaluating a statement with reference to the traditional concept of Domicile in accordance with the English Law - Essay Example Usually, the criteria used for the identification of domicile are differentiated in countries around the world – in most cases the system of law adopted by a specific country is used to decide on the characteristics of domicile in the above country. It should be noted that misunderstanding is often caused because of the co-existence of other terms, like residence, that also refer to the relation of a person to a specific geographical place. Because of the value of domicile in determining the rights and the obligations of people in different social and political activities, a series of rules has been introduced describing the criteria under which a person’s domicile is identified; however, the effectiveness of these rules has been strongly criticized. The specific problem – the level of accuracy and effectiveness of the rules used for identifying a person’s domicile – is examined in this paper; it has been proved that the rules adopted for the identi fication of domicile had to be analytical and detailed – in order to respond to the needs of all related human activities but also to ensure the protection of social and political rights; however, in the long term the above characteristic of these rules had become a major disadvantage leading to the decrease of their effectiveness. At a next level, the limitation of the effectiveness of rules of domicile has been a phenomenon irrelevant with the characteristics of the system of law developed in a particular country; however, current paper refers especially to the rules of domicile developed in the English law emphasizing on the lack of effectiveness of these rules as a result of the use of complex and technical terms – used primarily for ensuring the adaptability of these rules to current social conditions, a target that was never achieved as explained below. In English law,

Alfred and Jungian Essay Example for Free

Alfred and Jungian Essay Alfred Adler posited that we develop styles of life that compensate for innate feelings of inferiority. To overcome such feelings, he stated, we strive for a sense of superiority, defined as a desire to achieve emotional health and completeness. However, Adler believed that individuals are often victims of faulty assumptions or inaccurate perceptions of their pasts. These faulty assumptions and the poor choices we make which are based on them, are often a function of our childhood memories, which are affected by our family constellation and birth order. Adler believed that emotional well-being could be gauged by an individuals  degree of social interests or sense of connectedness to others and to the worldwide community. Considered a psychodynamic theory because of its focus on understanding the dynamic forces that shape ones psyche, Adlerian therapy has also been described as one of the first to apply humanistic and systemic concepts. This is because Adler believed that people are influenced by family relationships but not shackled by past events and can make new meaning in life by being goal-directed. Adler saw therapy as occurring through a series of stages that included establishing a collaborative relationship, analyzing the clients problems,  sharing insights, helping the client reorient to new ways of living, and reinforcing and evaluating the change process. Adlerian therapists will often show empathy, conduct a lifestyle assessment, examine early recollections and dreams, communicate, respect and confidence, focus on strengths and encourage clients, help clients combat faulty assumptions, and focus on goals. Lets see how Dr. Gilchrist uses some of the above techniques to help Shannon examine how early recollections of her family have affected her need to be perfect and how striving for perfection results in a fair amount of stress in her life. Jungian analysis assumes that the individual achieves well-being through the exploration of what Carl Jung [assumed spelling] called the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Containing repressed materials from childhood, the personal unconscious is symbolized by Jungs archetype of the shadow self, which represents all parts of the psyche unacceptable to self and others. Jung believed that the most important task of early adulthood is to bring the contents of the shadow self to awareness and integrate it into the conscious personality. The shadow manifests as the opposite of Jungs concept of the persona, or our public mask. In contrast, the collective unconscious is a universal and transpersonal component of the psyche that contains all human experience and potential. Once the shadow has been embraced, the client can continue in the process of what Jung called individuation, a gradual incorporation of universal archetypal patterns into everyday experience. These archetypes provide blueprints for creative development and manifest in our dreams, art, religious symbols, and myths. Two of the most significant archetypes are the anima, which represents the feminine within all males, and the animist, which represents  the masculine within all females. Jung believed that the unconscious could be accessed through the imagination as manifested in dreams, free association, images, and symbols, as well as what Jung called active imagination. Exploring these symbols and images are a means of understanding the past, relieving psychological symptoms and finding guidance in creating a full and more meaningful life. In this role play, watch how Dr. Paula Justice works with Karen as they explore dream images to help the client acknowledge and embrace her shadow self, and how it might be integrated into her public self and waking life.

Dinosaurs :: Essays Papers

Dinosaurs †¦I found myself with my leg lodged between two trees which the Tyrannosaurus Rex knocked over. I remained totally still knowing that if I moved the T-Rex would see me. The beast came so close to me that I could feel him breathing on my face. The T-Rex however, could not see me because of his poor vision and the time of night. Then I saw my chance, just as he bent over to eye me one more time I struck him in the eye with my knife made of bone. I pushed the knife deeper and deeper into the beast's head until his screaming stopped. The T-Rex fell shaking the earth with its weight. I was hunting for my wife and children who lived in the cave-house I built for them last winter. I and my two boys of the age of sixty and seventy-two seasons skinned the T-rex. It took three days to haul all the meat back to the cave house. My wife stored the meat in the underground cavern we had, which we usually used to hide ourselves from hunting dinosaurs. Our cave-house was located in what was called a cave city. These cities were carved out of a giant mountain and were run by an almighty leader, whom we referred to as the almighty. The people who lived in the cave-city were called commoners, and were referred to as the people. In every cave-city there was a drinking den, where the men of the city could come after a day of hunting and working to kick back and relax. At the drinking den the men enjoyed drinking fresh-made berry juice which would cost only two shells a serving. In the drinking den there were a lot of men who loved to tell stories about what they hunted and how big their catch was. Most of what these men said was half-true. They never told the whole truth in a story. For example if a man were to kill a T-Rex, which was ten thousand, hands tall they would say the Rex was eleven thousand hands tall. I usually went to the drinking den everyday. There were three men whom usually accompanied me there. These men's names were Big Joe, Medium Tim and Tiny Mike. Big Joe was about fifteen hands high and four hands wide, he had a low-pitched voice and was slow in his ways, he had a very short temper and was known for being somewhat of a Klutz.

Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary

Early life Syed Mokhtar al-Bukhary was born into a mid-low class Malay family; whose house was without necessities and luxuries. His highest education was only until form five, and he never went to university. A whole lot of his knowledge and experience was gained through his own entrepreneurship experience during his youth time. Due in part his family's mediocre-to-poor background, Syed Mokhtar al Bukhary had to step into the working world in his early life, while pursuing his primary and secondary studies. Syed Mokhtar helped his mother planting and selling vegetables in the market and also selling roti canai. His numeric knowledge was used to help his father in doing daily book keeping. After finishing school, Syed Mokhtar helped his father in breeding cow business but only to see the business washed away by foot and mouth disease. Nevertheless, he took over the business and start over by selling meats. He then move on to packaging the meats and start selling them wholesale. His determination paid off and the business started to take off. Career Syed Mokhtar and Zainal started his business in Kedah in the 1990s dealing in rice. More success followed and he moved to rice trading business. He worked even harder after awarded the rice trading license from Lembaga Padi Negara, and was later awarded successions of supplier contract government-linked corporations as partner with Zainal Hatim Hj Ambia Bukhary. As his determination starting to skyrocket, he quickly moved to expand into diversification of other businesses. His next big move was in the logistics business, with initial goal to transport their trading materials. Today, his business empire has grown into areas such as plantation, property development, construction, engineering, power generation, infrastructure and ports. He owns 51. 8% share in Malaysian Mining Corporation via his wholly owned company, Syarikat Impian Teladan Sdn. Bhd. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar and Zainal Hatim personally owns SKS Ventures, which was awarded the task of building the site for 2100MW coal-fired power station at Tanjung Bin, Johor. Tan Sri Syed Mohktar has a 32% share in PERNAS through his own company, Syarikat Ratu Jernih. Syarikat Perdana Padu Sdn. Bhd. and Corak Kukuh Sdn. Bhd. Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar and Zainal are Board Members of Syarikat Bina Puri Holdings Berhad, whereby, on his own, he has 7. 34% share. Apart from these, Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar and Zainal has varied interest in a number of companies, both in Malaysia as well as abroad. Charity His philanthropic values were nurtured from the age of 23 when he started a small business dealing in rice. When he received his first monthly income of RM1,500, his mother had told him to donate half of it to the poor. [3] From 1996 to 2006, his foundation has contributed almost RM1bil to charity, although his total income is probably in multiples of that figure. He has humanitarian projects in Asia and Africa, including rebuilding the lives of Afghan refugees, Pakistan's ear's tsunami victims and is now working to establish an AIDS hospital in Uganda. Among the foundation's initiatives are the Albukhary Tuition Programme for poor underachievers and the Albukhary Scholarship Programme for poor high achievers. Recognition In appreciation of his enormous services and contributions, he was bestowed with several awards, which among others, include the Panglima Setia Mahkota (P. S. M. ) by His Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which carries the title Tan Sri and the Dato' Setia Mahkota Kedah (D. S. D. K. by HRH The Sultan Kedah, which carries the title Dato'. On 10 January 2008 or 1st Muharram 1429 Hijra he was announced and awarded as â€Å"Tokoh Ma'al Hijrah† by The Yang Di Pertuan Agong of Malaysia in recognition of his contribution to nation building and also Controversies A number of companies controlled by Syed Mokhtar have come under attack for development activities on greenfield sites. For example, the clearance of mangroves for the development of Johor Port has led to some criticisms from local environm ental groups. 4] He has also been identified as a major beneficiary of political connections that have given his subsidiary companies monopoly control over crucial Malaysian sectors, including rice, power and ports. Started out in the â€Å"bowl of Malaysia† as a rice trader. Later got government backing. Today controls Malaysia Mining Corporation (MMC); has stakes in Malaysia's Johor Port; the country's largest independent power producer Malakoff; and natural gas distribution company Gas Malaysia. Has invested in MPH (a book retailer in Singapore and Malaysia). He's contributed to a number of Islamic schools, mosques and Islamic arts.

Court History and Purpose Essay

Abstract â€Å"The court represents the collective conscience of society, serving as an instrument for expressing the revulsion people feel for those who commit particularly heinous crimes† (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). This paper will discuss the history of court and its purpose. It will also define the dual court system. It will describe the role that early legal codes, the common law, and precedent played in the development of courts. It will identify the role of courts in present criminal justice. The Purpose of Court The purpose for court is simply to find guilt or innocence in someone who has been charged of a crime or to settle disputes in civil matters. Such matters must have the legal authority of a judge to be considered a court. In many courts the adversary process is used, allowing both sides to give any evidence, arguments, or persuasion to support their case. A judge or a jury will decide whose case is credible based on the arguments given. In the past, disputes were handled informally and not in a civilized manner. Some people would take matters into their own hands, which led to violence. In today’s society, all matters are handled in a formal and civilized manner. The Dual Court System The judicial branch of the U.S. Government is considered a dual court system because it separates the federal court from the state court. â€Å"The dual system is advantageous and desirable because it parallels federalism, a system of government where power is constitutionally divided between a central governing body (i.e., the federal government) and various constituent units (i.e., the states) (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). The establishment of a dual court system began in colonial period. â€Å"The  United States Constitution mandated the establishment of a Federal court system in 1789, when each of the original 13 Colonies already maintained its own comprehensive court system (2013). In federalism, it is required that laws are made by the federal government and the state. Although the dual court system is â€Å"desirable†, it can also cause confusion between the federal and state courts. This is because some cases can be heard at both federal and state levels, and it can be hard to determine how the case should be handled. The Development of Courts The development and influences of the U.S. judicial system came along during the time this country was started. In the beginning, religion played a major part in making the laws of the country. The early legal codes played a significant role in the judicial system as well. These legal codes were used back 1760 B.C. One of the most known legal code is the Code of Hammurabi, who was the king of Babylon. The philosophy behind this code is retribution. Other early legal codes came from ancient Rome. The Twelve Tables were written in 450 B.C. They were said to be the first written legal code. The Twelve Tables was based on strong retribution, establishing the â€Å"eye for an eye† theory for justice. Because the early legal codes were considered to be harsh and informal, it was paved the way for the changes of the judicial system to develop a more formal and civilized system. Common law emerged in England during the Middle Ages and was applied within British colonies across continents (2010). Its role gave judges authority to make decisions as they saw fit. There was no legislature or law making process during this time. Judges would also record the decisions, which led to precedent. â€Å"Precedent refers, generally, to some prior action that guides current action† (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). In new cases, judges could apply precedents in their decision, which is how makes it common law. Common law has been implemented into today’s judicial system by following previous courts decisions in cases. It is unlikely that once a judge makes a decision that it will be reversed or changed from precedent. The Present Role of Courts In today’s judicial system, there are two roles involved in courts:  adjudication and oversight. Adjudication means that judges decides if a person is guilty or innocent when they have been involved in a criminal act. Appellate courts make sure that lower courts are applying the correct laws in court proceedings. Having the appellate courts verify all laws ensures that if any mistakes or incorrect information was given by the judges, they will be held accountable. Courts oversee the operations of criminal justice officials to provide a level of indirect supervision. The appellate courts decide laws that will determine how police officers to their job on the street (Siegal, Schmalleger, & Worrall, 2011). Oversight is only necessary when the appellate courts are involved in a decision. If such decisions are publicized, the appellate courts will be involved also. It all depends on the severity of the incident involve by police officers will it be brought to the courts attention . Conclusion The judicial system has indeed changed over the course of time. History has shown that the development of the judicial system was fathered from England and other ancient heritages that set the foundation of how laws are created and implemented into today’s society. More common law is being practiced in many states across the nation. Some of the practices were very informal and retributive, however in today’s court system, court proceedings are in a formal and civilized setting. References Siegal, L.J., Schmallegar, F., & Worrall, J.L (2011). Courts and criminal justice in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. The common law and civil law traditions. (2010). The Robbins Collection. Retrieved From University of California at Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall): http://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html Understanding the U.S. court system in a glance. (2013). Retrieved from http://court.laws.com/court-system.

Estrogen Mimics and thier Effect on the Environment.

Estrogen Mimics and thier Effect on the Environment. Until now DDT could very well be considered the biggest environmental disaster to date. DDT, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, reportedly induced cancer in animals, induced antiandrogen effects, and impaired Natural Killer cells and T lymphocyte responses (Daniels et al. 2002). But now estrogen mimics confront the environment with a potentially greater catastrophe.Estrogen mimics, or xenoestrogens (foreign estrogens), are introduced into the body from the environment, mimic the actions of estrogen produced cells or alter the hormone's activity (Davis and Bradlow, 1995). Some of the foreign estrogens can reduce the effects of estrogens. These xenoestrogens are usually found in plant foods such as soy products, cauliflower and broccoli (Davis and Bradlow, 1995).There is significant evidence that the endocrine systems of fish, wildlife, and humans can be adversely affected by exposure to environmental contaminants, which contain estrogen mimics, such as pesticides, industrial chemical s, and wood-derived sterols. Therefore, Exposure to such chemicals can lead to developmental abnormalities, reproductive failure, altered immune functions, and many other abnormal endocrine functions (Buhler et al.,English: Rainbow trout2000). Estrogen mimics along with other endocrine-disrupting materials may promote breast cancer. Studies have shown that xenoestrogens and these other endocrine-disrupting materials are also harming men by contributing to reproductive disorders, most notable being testicular cancer (Davis and Bradlow, 1995).In 1938, British scientist Edward Dodds introduced a chemical that somehow acted in the body like a natural estrogen. This "wonder drug", know as diethylstilbestrol or DES, was almost immediately given to women experiencing problems while giving birth in the belief that insufficient estrogen levels caused miscarriages and premature births. DES was thought to have many other uses as well such as, to treat acne, prostate cancer, and gonorrhea in ch ildren. However future studies proved that this so called "wonder drug" made no difference in the outcome of pregnancies. It didn't...

Overview of The American Academy

Overview of The American Academy The American Academy offers over 230 online courses for high school students. Students enrolled in The American Academy can complete individual courses or work towards an accredited diploma. Courses are self-paced and have a generous 6-month completion deadline, giving students the flexibility to set their own schedules. Accreditation The American Academy is accredited by Northwest Association of Accredited Schools, a regional accrediting agency. Degrees and Programs The American Academy offers online courses and high school diploma programs to students of any age. In addition to traditional diplomas, they provide the Dropout Recovery Program designed to help former students complete a high school diploma from their local school districts. Homeschool students can also take a la carte courses, enroll in a math/science bundle, or work towards a diploma. Admissions The American Academy offers open enrollment to all students. Classes start on Monday every week. Typically, each credit requires approximately 120 hours of work. Students can select courses through a shopping cart system, making it easy to tailor the curriculum to individual needs. Interesting Fact Students enrolled in The American Academy receive 50 minutes of one-on-one tutoring time from licensed professionals. Additional tutoring time may be purchased. Contact Information Website:Â  www.theamericanacademy.comPhone: 866-689-1932Address: 175 S. Main, Suite 1130Salt Lake City, UT 84111

Building matrices ( to answer my PICO question) Assignment

Building matrices ( to answer my PICO question) - Assignment Example It would have been externally valid if it had selected a sample that would represent a larger population. However, it might be still useful as a primary source. The study yielded reliable and valid results, but it would have been improved by ensuring that a study group instead of the caregivers controlled the medications. Additionally, most caregivers are family members who have les education on the actual purpose of drug administration. Adler, G., Mueller, B., & Articus, K. (2014). The transdermal formulation of rivastigmine improves caregiver burden and treatment adherence of patients with Alzheimers disease under daily practice conditions. Int J Clin Pract, 68(4), 465-470. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12374 Arranz, F., & LÃÆ' ³pez-Pousa, S. (2013). Characteristics of patients with Alzheimer’s disease who switch to rivastigmine transdermal patches in routine clinical practice. PPA, 47. doi:10.2147/ppa.s38719 Andrade-dos-Santos, G., Canineu, P., Pardi, P., & GonÃÆ' §alves, I. (2011). Influence of Rivastigmine transdermal on butyrylcholinesterase levels in patients with Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease. Alzheimers & Dementia, 5(4), 332-336. Gauthier, S., Robillard, A., Cohen, S., Black, S., Sampalis, J., & Colizza, D. et al. (2013). Real-life effectiveness and tolerability of the rivastigmine transdermal patch in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease: the EMBRACE study. Curr Med Res Opin, 29(8), 989-1000. doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.802230 Moretti, D., Frisoni, G., Binetti, G., & Zanetti, O. (2014). Comparison of the effects of transdermal and oral rivastigmine on cognitive function and EEG markers in patients with AlzheimerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s disease. Frontiers In Aging Neuroscience, 6.

Read the requirement carefully Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Read the requirement carefully - Essay Example The difference in the products and the way in which firms compete is also discussed. The assumptions that hold for the perfect market are also explained and highlighted. A perfectly competitive market is the one in which the market forces work without any hindrance. This means that the demand and supply interact to determine the price which is accepted by all the other firms. This market is only a theoretical one based on assumptions and it tells us that how a markets should respond to the changes in demand and supply. The perfect market is nonexistent in our real world like all the other perfect things but it is important to understand it. This is because the perfect market structure can be used to compare the other markets and their responses to changes in different situations. (Goshit & Mai-Lafia, 2009) Firstly, let us consider the case of equilibrium in a perfect market. The supply and demand will become equal at some point and that point will be considered as the equilibrium poi nt of the market. The following drawing shows a perfect market at equilibrium. The forces of supply and demand fix the price at $5. (Goshit & Mai-Lafia, 2009) Now, like all the other markets, the perfect markets also faces demand and supply shocks to which it reacts accordingly. Mostly the market responds to changes in demand as the consumer is considered sovereign. Let us now consider the case where the consumer demand increases. This may be due to any reason but let us suppose that it is due to an increase in the price of a substitute. The market will shift accordingly. The following drawing shows how. (Archambault, 2008) The increase in demand will result in extra demand at the same price. This will create a shortage of the product. The supply will react accordingly and there will be a movement along the supply curve. This will lead to a new equilibrium at a higher price and a higher quantity. This is because the consumers were willing to pay more for the good and thus the market forces reacted and short run equilibrium was attained. This increase in demand will also add to the consumer and producer surplus which is the area between the two graphs. These two refer to the difference between the amount that the consumer or the producer expects and the price. (Krugman and Wells, 2008, p.71-72) The long run response of the market will be different. The long run equilibrium of a market is when the marginal cost becomes equal to the lowest of average total cost (ATC). This equilibrium will be disturbed by the increase in demand. The firms will now charge a higher price than their marginal costs and thus their average revenue will exceed their average total costs. The firms will be earning an abnormal profit. (Peck, 2006) The following graphs show the disturbance. As a result of the abnormal profit, new firms will enter the industry to make profit for themselves. This will cause the supply to increase. This increased supply will push the prices downwards back to n ormal with a higher amount of goods traded than before. The long run equilibrium will be attained and the market will return back to normal. (Burnette, 2012) The following graph shows the effect of new firms entering the market. Perfect markets differ from the markets we see daily. There are assumptions that need to be considered. The first one is that there are many sellers in the market, which means that the competition is intense. Secondly,

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the Essay - 1

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the woman's world(1887-1889). Analize this contribution to fashion criticism - Essay Example Grundy’s play is one among many artistic works that depicted the woman’s position in the society. Another evidence of womens inferiority in the 18th century portrayed through the manner in which the â€Å"lady’s world† magazine was edited before Oscar Wilde came took over the editorship (Tusan 2005, P.68). Oscar Wilde claims that the magazine had no motivational content that concerned women because content mostly contained gossips, music, art, fashion, and other common issues. Nevertheless, things changed when Oscar Wilde joined the publishing company as the editor of the magazine. The content and the appearance of the magazine never made much sense to him and that is why he transformed every bit of the magazine including its name (Schaffer 2000, p. 9). The name changed from â€Å"the lady’s world† to the â€Å"woman’s world†. Additionally, the magazine acquired a better appealing look that contained fancy pictures of modernized fashionable women. The magazine also changed its contents by including empowerment issues that aimed at uplifting women, which included women’s need for progressive education, women’s indulgence in politics, women’s involvement in the businesses of society and above all women’s equal share in dominating the world (Fortunato 2012, p. 30). This meant that the magazine transformed from its usual boring article into an empowering and informative article shunning the usual fashion content (Böker 2002, p. 44). Though critics base their critics on the fact that Wilde transformed the magazine by erasing the fashion issue, which is not the case because Oscar Wilde did not completely erase the fashion issue but rather refined it by adding more content, because evidently, he only reduced the fashion section from four to two. Prior to Wilde reducing past issues in the magazine and adding up empowering content, Wilde also incorporated women authors who greatly contributed in writing the magazine (Tusan 2005, P.68). Generally,

Theories of Motivation Essay Example for Free

Theories of Motivation Essay Ask any person who is successful in whatever he or she is doing what motivates him/her, and very likely the answer will be goals. Goal Setting is extremely important to motivation and success. So what motivates you? Why are you in college? If you are in college because thats what your parents want, you may find it difficult to motivate yourself. Sure, its possible to succeed with someone else providing the motivation for you. (If you graduate from college, Ill give you a car! or worse If you dont graduate from college, you wont get a car. ) But motivation that comes from within really makes the difference. Theories have been developed over the years as to what motivates us and those theories are what I intend to discuss. Compare and Contrast of Motivational Theories Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Maslow showed little interest in animal or laboratory studies of human behavior. He chose instead to collect data for his theories by studying outstanding individuals. His studies led him to believe that people have certain needs, which are unchanging and genetic in origin. These needs are the same in all cultures and are both physiological and psychological. Maslow described these needs as being hierarchal in nature, meaning that some needs are more basic or more powerful than others and as these needs are satisfied, other higher needs emerge. (Abraham H. Maslows, 2001) Herzberg Hygiene Theory Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and presumably motivation) were different from those causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors  that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction. Herzberg described motivators as: growth, esteem, recognition, responsibility, advancement and personal goals. Hygienes are: job security, working conditions, company policies, co-worker relations and supervision relations. (McShane Von Glinow, 2003) McGregors Theory X and Theory Y People who espouse Theory X would believe that the average human being dislikes (all) work and will avoid it if they can; that because of this, people must be coerced to put in the required effort, offered inducements and threatened with punishment. Theory X goes on to hold that the average human being seeks to avoid responsibility, is not ambitious and seeks security before advancement. People who hold to Theory Y, on the other hand, believe that for most people work is as natural as play; that people have capacity for self-control: that motivation also arises from the higher order needs such as self-esteem and achievement and that people, if properly managed, will be more than willing to take on responsibility. Finally, theory Y holds that people can be creative and team spirited and that few organizations make use of the abilities that people have. Summary Maslows theory and Herzbergs Hygiene theory differ due to peoples needs not changing over time in Herzbergs theory. They all three resemble each other in that Maslows physiological, safety abd social needs; Herzbergs hygiene factors and all of McGregors Theory X and Theory Y factors are satisfied through conditions of employment and the workplace. McGregors Theory X and Theory Y are two distinct types of people where the other two individualize all of the theory factors. Maslows is a hierarchy that when one need is fulfilled others kick in. Herzberg outlines factors that need to be maintained on a constant basis rather than a hierarchy of one achievement to the next. All of the theories have validity, but I find that Herzbergs Hygiene Theory is what I see most at my work or in my field. It is especially noticed when I look at the dissatisfaction and then look at the hygiene factors and see such a resemblance.

volleyball college essay :: essays research papers

Have you ever struggled mightily for something and succeeded? What made you successful?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I looked in their faces and knew mine mirrored theirs. I didn’t want it to, but it did. Just ten minutes ago, we all were so jubilant. We were so sure we were going to win. We had all wanted it for so long, but we finally felt is as our destiny just a few moments ago. But as our opponent threw the ball in the air, I knew she was just about to serve another ace. However, when the ball landed three feet in front of our best passer, something snapped inside of me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We were going to win the game. That was the end of it. I knew it. We were the winners of that game. I stood up and yelled in a voice that even frightened me. I didn’t scream about moving our feet, or calling the ball, I screamed about how big of winners we were. I was done with moping. For seven minutes of my life, I had forgotten that I could do anything I set my mind to, and I had given up. The worst seven minutes of my volleyball career were those seven minutes in the third game of the final match at Brighton Volleyball Tournament. I had put my determination down to wallow in my disappointment. Disappointment needs to build determination. I had decided a long time ago that there were certain things in life that I could do better than other people. Those were my gifts. I use my gifts to my full potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The server on the other team once again threw the ball into the air. This time, my teammate sprawled for the ball, and made a perfect pass to me, allowing me to set the ball and have my co-captain smash it to the ground. I looked once again at the faces of my teammates. Things were different now. I knew at once that they knew what I knew. We were the winners of that game. We remembered that at that point, and were assured of it when the referee blew the final whistle after I served an ace on game point.

Electronic Medical Records a Cure for Health Care Case Study Essay

1.) Identify and describe the problem in this case. The problem in this case is medical record keeping. About 12 percent of healthcare spending goes towards medical recordkeeping. Medical records have been kept in files and folders, which causes difficulty in accessing and sharing information. This problem could be maintained with electronic medical systems. 2.) What people organization and technology factors are responsible for the difficulties in building electronic medical record systems? Explain your answer. Building an electronic medical record (EMR) system comes with difficulties. These difficulties include; people, organization and technology factors. The people factor in this involves, doctors, government agencies, insurance companies, and patients. For doctors the difficulty comes with the extended hours of training it will take for them to successfully use an EMR system. Doctors are already pressed for time and learning to successfully use an EMR system could take up to 20 hours of training. Government agencies play a big role in having a successful EMR system. The short term goal is for every medical facility to have an EMR system in place by the year 2015. The problem comes with the long term goal, of having a fully functioning EMR system nation wide. There are different systems that can be integrated into a medical facility, but not all of these different systems will be comparable with one another. This causes problems when it comes to nation wide accessibility. Insurance companies also play a role in EMR systems. With an EMR system claims will be able to be processed immediately. Another problem comes with people; some are worried about the confidentiality of online medical records. The organizations that are responsible in building an EMR system include many different health technology companies. These companies have developed many different health record structures. With all of these different structures available it puts limitations on the ability to become nation wide. While, this allows for medical facilities to have different options, it may not allow for it to become nationwide. This leads into the technology factor in building these systems. The technology within these different systems may not be compatible. Doctors and patients will have online access to there information within that facility, however it will limit what can be accessed with in other facilities. The goal is to make this work nation wide. With all of these different systems out there this is going to cause a huge barrier for this to happen. 3. What is the business, political, and social impact of not digitalizing medical records? Not digitalizing effects, physicians, hospitals, insurers, patients, and the US government. Physicians will continue to have to thumb through paper records if they do not digitalize medical records. This allows for error and the cost of time it takes to look through paper files. Having EMR systems gives the physician all the information they need regarding a patient at their fingertips. Hospitals will be able to reduce administrative and medical record keeping costs. With out an EMR system again errors are more likely to be made with in that hospital. Having paper files of medical records is no longer a reality. Insurers will continue to have the delay in processing claims, whereas with a digital system claims can be authorized in real-time. Patients will not be able to access medical records online and may cause error in what medications they need or are currently taking. As for the US government not digitalizing, this means continuing to have one of the highest costs for health care. 4. What is the business are social benefits of digitalizing medical record keeping? ​Going to an EMR system has countless benefits. It will allow for fewer errors for doctors and patients. All of the information will be at the fingertips of doctors and patients. Having this information that quick will allow for less time being spent thumbing through papers to look up past medical conditions or proper dosage. All the information will be right there for the doctor to see. Nothing will be overlooked because it’s at the bottom of some file, it will all just be there. In addition to this insurance claims will be processed right away. Healthcare cost could potentially be lowered because there wont be as many resources going to administrative and recordkeeping. If it becomes nationwide when people move to another state or go out of state for something, if they end up in a doctors facility all of there information is there. This allows for better more successful care for that individual. 5.) Are EMR systems a good solution to the problem of rising health care costs in the US? ​Healthcare cost will always be high. There is so much research and science within this field that the costs will never be low. However, having an EMR system can diffidently help. EMR systems will help the costs of health care in some ways. It may take time initially because of the training and implementation of the system, but in the long run it will reduce the cost of administrative and recordkeeping.

Family Delinquency Essay

There are several factors that might lead to inept parenting in single parent households. Among these factors are the available economic and parental resources to children and the stressful conditions that characterize such families. Majority of single parents are economically disadvantaged. As such, they often lack the material resources that they can offer their children. The result is that their children remain uncompetitive especially in school. Their children thus lack status among their peers owing to the inability of the parent to provide things that they may need. Due to the fact that majority of single parents suffer from various economic difficulties, they are likely to live in run down neighborhoods characterized by high crime rates, low quality schools and few community services. The majority of single parents also find it difficult to function effectively as parents. They are in most cases less emotionally supportive of their children, are less restrictive, dispense harsher discipline, are more inconsistent in dispensing discipline, offer less supervision and engage in more conflict with their children (Simmons and Simmons, 2005). These deficits in parenting emanate from the struggle to provide for the family with limited financial resources and attempting to raise children in the absence of the other biological parent. Various studies associate inept parenting by resident single parents with a variety of negative consequences among children. Relationship between informal and formal labeling to adolescent delinquency According to labeling theory, perceived negative reactions result in the development of negative self conceptions and greater delinquent involvement (Glueck, 1962). The proponents of this theory emphasize on the importance of both formal and informal labeling. Formal labels are those acquired through contact with social control agencies while informal labeling are those that parents, peers and teachers generate. Juveniles become stigmatized through contact with social control agencies. Involvement in delinquent behavior is one of the possible responses to being negatively labeled or stigmatized. Negative parental reactions may also lead to a juvenile becoming delinquent. In their routine activities, juveniles encounter different cues and clues on how members of the community they live perceive them. Juveniles can interpret accurately the meaning of symbols and gestures employed to project labels upon them through role taking and defining situations. Human beings cannot be said to be passive receptors of negative labels since they possess the capacity to take part in cooperative interaction through significant symbols. Some juveniles negotiate labels and at times attempt to repudiate their deviant imputations (Simmons and Simmons, 2005). Naming or defining something is never an idealistic procedure but rather a consequence of an action. As such, social groups establish deviance by their response to known acts. A label therefore designates something that is a consequence of successful conversation of gestures. It is this successful conversation of gestures that makes the process of labeling the self possible. Labeling theorists assume that individuals project themselves into the role of significant others during real or imagined interactions and make assessments or self appraisals. The self becomes an object for which the person attaches labels which can either be positive or negative. This assumption is guided by the conception that human have the capacity to choose among competing labels for their self conception. Discuss the factors relating to the possibilities of the family structure being a major contribution to a juvenile becoming involved in delinquent behaviors. Family structure influences to a large extent the behavior of children. Research findings indicate that children growing up with single parents have an increased risk of becoming delinquents (Glueck, 1962). The structure of the family influences economic and parental resources that are available to children. Single parents, being financially constrained, are less likely to take care of their children’s need. The result is that the children experience low self esteem as they lack the majority of things that other children possess. Children who are growing up in a family where both parents are present are unlikely to experience behavioral problems. Research also indicates that children from single parent families that receive support from non-resident fathers also exhibit fewer behavioral problems than those without support. With this regard, economic factors influence the possibilities of a child becoming deviant and this mainly depends on the structure of the family. If both the parents are present, the economic conditions are likely to be better as both parents may take the responsibility in providing for the children. As such, the children may not feel deprived thereby reducing the possibilities of becoming deviant. Children become conformists when their parents possess cooperative co-parental relationship. When parents support each others decisions and agree on the rules of the family, the children learn that the parent’s authority is not arbitrary. Parental agreement therefore means that the children are not exposed to inconsistent discipline when they misbehave. This consistency between parents encourages children to learn and internalize moral values and social norms. Causes of marital violence Social theories see marital violence to be the product of the society. As such, they see marital violence as emanating from the social structures and the cultural values and norms that accommodate the use of violence among partners. Furthermore, the causes of marital violence have been attributed by some sociologists to be rooted in the structure of the family; the interaction between the members of the family and their social interactions. For instance, family systems theory relates the cause of marital violence to communication flaws and conflict in intimate relationships. Psychological theories on the other hand attribute the causes to individual experiences and predispositions. Marital violence may be linked to biological inclination to violence and personality disorder, or as suggested by social learning theories, to the offender’s social environment during his early stages of development. Attachment theory emphasizes on the relationship between parents or caregivers with their children and the consequences of such attachments on the ability of an individual to develop safe and healthy relationships later in life. Psychological perspectives hold that individuals may be predisposed to violence by personality disorders or early experiences of trauma. As such, being abusive physically is seen as a manifestation of an underlying emotional problem. Childhood experiences such as parental abuse, rejection and the inability to satisfy the dependence needs of a child may provide a source of later violence. Double Jeopardy Statistics show that women are at a higher risk of being victims of marital violence than males. Quite a number of reasons have been postulated to explain this phenomenon. Among the widely held theories is that women are inherently weak. With regard to physical strength, it is widely known that males far much out-weigh females in strength. Many female victims often find themselves in difficult situation when they are taking the decision to report their partner for abusing them physically. This is because they are likely to do something worse when they come out. As such, female victims of marital violence are always at the risk of double jeopardy. Even though violation of protection order may lead to federal criminal prosecution, advocates may develop procedures to avert double jeopardy. Population heterogeneity theory These theories postulate that there is an initial proneness to commit violent offenses and that this early difference in the development of an individual remains quite stable over time (Glueck, 1962)). People with numerous risk factors before birth, during toddler hood and during childhood are more likely to develop violent tendencies during adolescence and adulthood. In other words, there is a correlation between past and current criminal behavior. Population heterogeneity process attributes stability in offending over time to differences in anti-social characteristics across individuals that is established early in life. One of the implications of a population heterogeneity explanation for continuity in crime over time is that the antisocial feature is likely to have reverberations throughout life, adopting many manifestations later in life. Any observed correspondence between later life events and criminality is spurious due to the fact that they are all the consequence of a common cause. Concepts and principles of social learning theory The fundamental assumption of social learning theory is that the same learning process that operates within the context of social structure, interaction and situation produces both conforming and deviant behavior. The direction of the process in which these mechanisms operate is the basis of their difference. What is involved is the balance of influences on behavior. In most cases, that balance exudes some form of stability over time but it can also become unstable and change with circumstances and time. Conformity and deviant behavior is learned by the mechanisms in this process even though the theory proposes that the principle mechanism are part of the process in which differential reinforcement and imitation produce both overt behavior and cognitive definitions that function as discriminative stimuli for the behavior. Parenting skills The success of any family is dependent upon effective parenting. As such, it is important for every parent to establish healthy methods of raising their children. New parents should know that the future of their children lie in their hands. The first step to parenting is developing clear expectations of what both parents want. Depending on the background of what is being considered right or wrong, parents should plan and communicate their expectation to each other. Establishing a list of social, academic, religious and family oriented expectations for different settings and activities will enable parents to be very particular and concrete in teaching their children. They must however take into consideration the ability and age of the child, developmental status and the available resources. After setting the appropriate rules and expectations, the second most important thing is to unambiguously communicate these expectations in word and in deed. References Glueck, E. (1962). Family environment and delinquency. Houghton Mifflin Simmons, R. & Simmons L. (2005). Families, delinquency, and crime: Linking Society’s Most   Ã‚  Ã‚   Basic Institution to Antisocial Behavior. Oxford University Press